Photocatalytic degradation of mixed gaseous carbonyl compounds at low level on adsorptive TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst using a fluidized bed reactor

An adsorptive silica-supported titania photocatalyst TiO(2)/SiO(2) was prepared by using nanosized titania (anatase) immobilized on silica gel by the sol-gel technique with the titanium tetra isopropoxide as the main raw material and acetic acid as the acid catalyst. Meanwhile the structure and properties of the TiO(2)/SiO(2) photocatalyst were studied by means of many modern analysis techniques such as TEM, XRD, and BET. Gas-solid heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of four carbonyl compounds mixture at low concentration levels over ultraviolet irradiated TiO(2)/SiO(2) photocatalyst were carried out with high degradation efficiencies in a coaxial triple-cylinder-type fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor, which provided efficient continuous contact of ultraviolet photons, silica-supported titania photocatalyst, and gaseous reactants. Experimental results showed that the photocatalyst had a high adsorption performance and a good photocatalytic activity for four carbonyl compounds mixture. Some factors influencing the photocatalytic decomposition of the mixed carbonyl compounds, i.e. the gas flowrate, relative humidity, concentration of oxygen, and illumination time, were discussed in detail. It is found that the photocatalytic reaction rate of four carbonyl compounds decreased in this order: propionaldehyde, acetone, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde.     

Spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall deposition under beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in relationship to canopy structure

Although the spatial variability of throughfall (TF) in forest ecosystems can have important ecological implications, little is known about the driving factors of within-stand TF variability, particularly in deciduous forests. While the spatial variability of TF water amount and H+ deposition under a dominant beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree was significantly higher in the leafed period than in the leafless period, the spatial TF deposition patterns of most major ions were similar in both periods. The semiannual TF depositions of all ions other than H+ were significantly positively correlated (r=0.68-0.90, p<0.05) with canopy structure above sample locations throughout the entire year. The amounts of TF water and H+ deposition during the leafed period were negatively correlated with branch cover. We conclude that the spatial heterogeneity of ion deposition under beech was significantly affected by leaves in the growing period and by branches in non-foliated conditions.     

Derivation of a household-level vulnerability index for empirically testing measures of adaptive capacity and vulnerability

Recent studies have projected significant climate change impacts in Africa. In order to understand what this means in terms of human well-being at local level, we need to understand how households can cope and adapt. This need has led many authors to argue for approaches to adaptation that are based on vulnerability analysis. Vulnerability is one of the key terms in the climate change literature, but little progress has been made in the field of its quantification. Typically, indicators are combined according to a weighing scheme, with the identification of indicators and the weighing schemes based on expert judgment rather than empirical evidence. In addition, most quantitative assessments are applied to countries or other administrative units, whereas managing climate risk has traditionally been the responsibility of households. We therefore focus on the adaptive capacity of households. We analyze the coping strategies and vulnerability to climatic stresses of agro-pastoralists in Mozambique and test the validity of a number of commonly used vulnerability indicators. We derive a household-level vulnerability index based on survey data. We find that only 9 out of 26 indicators tested exhibit a statistically significant relationship with households’ vulnerability. In total, they explain about one-third of the variation in vulnerability between households, confirming the need for more research on underlying determinants and processes of vulnerability. With inclusion of local knowledge, our study findings can be used for local targeting, priority setting and resource allocation. Complemented with studies analyzing climate change impacts and findings from country-level adaptive capacity studies, governmental policy can be informed.     

Effects of topography on simulated net primary productivity at landscape scale

Local topography significantly affects spatial variations of climatic variables and soil water movement in complex terrain. Therefore, the distribution and productivity of ecosystems are closely linked to topography. Using a coupled terrestrial carbon and hydrological model (BEPS-TerrainLab model), the topographic effects on the net primary productivity (NPP) are analyzed through four modelling experiments for a 5700 km(2) area in Baohe River basin, Shaanxi Province, northwest of China. The model was able to capture 81% of the variability in NPP estimated from tree rings, with a mean relative error of 3.1%. The average NPP in 2003 for the study area was 741 gCm(-2)yr(-1) from a model run including topographic effects on the distributions of climate variables and lateral flow of ground water. Topography has considerable effect on NPP, which peaks near 1350 m above the sea level. An elevation increase of 100 m above this level reduces the average annual NPP by about 25 gCm(-2). The terrain aspect gives rise to a NPP change of 5% for forests located below 1900 m as a result of its influence on incident solar radiation. For the whole study area, a simulation totally excluding topographic effects on the distributions of climatic variables and ground water movement overestimated the average NPP by 5%.     

含油污水处理技术应用实例

介绍了油田伴生气处理厂对含油污水进行处理的方法,采用新型油水分离技术对含油污水进行油水分离,使污水达标排放,解决了含油污水直接排放至原燃烧池的安全、环保问题,同时回收轻油,增加了经济效益。     

汾渭平原临汾市2019年春节期间大气污染特征与来源解析

近年来汾渭平原冬季雾-霾事件频发,节假日期间尤为明显,除燃煤和工业排放外,区域的地形和气候特征也是导致雾-霾的主要因素.2019年2月春节期间对汾渭平原临汾站点的空气质量进行观测.运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对PM_2.5中的13种元素（Li、Be、Ti、Rb、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Zr、V、Tl、U和Sn）进行分析测定,并结合站点的气象数据,运用聚类分析和后向轨迹等方法,分析了污染物的时空分布与潜在源区贡献.结果表明,观测期间SO₂的平均浓度为58.39 μg ·m^-3,超过了国家环境空气质量标准（GB 3095-2012）24 h一级平均质量浓度限值（50μg ·m^-3）,O₃、NO₂和CO的均值浓度分别为52.15 μg ·m^-3、29.02 μg ·m^-3和2.29 mg ·m^-3.聚类分析结果表明,La、Ce、Ti、V、Li、Be、Rb、Y、U、Sc和Zr主要受地壳土壤源影响.气态污染物的空间分析结果表明SO₂是主要污染物,主要受当地燃煤排放的影响,而高浓度的NO₂和CO主要由城区向观测站点扩散造成.受汾渭平原盆地地形的影响,沿汾渭平原传输的气团一直存在,表明当地的地形可能会限制污染物扩散,加剧雾-霾现象.土壤源的潜在源区分析（PSCF）表明：受季风气候影响,陕西北部、甘肃南部和宁夏南部对站点的土壤扬尘源有主要贡献.     

Spatial distributions,source apportionment and ecological risk of SVOCs in water and sediment from Xijiang River,Pearl River Delta

Xijiang River is an important drinking water source in Guangxi Province, China. Along the Xijiang River and surrounding tributary, the pollution profile of three important groups of semi-volatile organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), was analyzed. Relatively low levels of PAHs (64–3.7 × 10² ng L^?1) and OCPs (16–70 ng L^?1), but high levels of PAEs (7.9 × 10²–6.8 × 10³ ng L^?1) occurred in the water. Comparatively, low levels of OCPs (39–1.8 × 10² ng g^?1) and PAEs (21–81 ng g^?1), but high levels of PAHs (41–1.1 × 10³ ng g^?1) were found in sediment. Principal component analyses for source identification indicated petroleum-derived residues or coal and biomass combustion, and vehicular emission was the main sources for PAHs. The OCPs sources of each category were almost independent, whereas the new input of HCHs and p,p′-DDTs probably existed in some areas. PAEs were mainly originated from personal care products of urban sewage, plastic and other industrial sources. Ecological risk through the risk quotient analysis indicated a small or significant potential adverse effect on fish, daphnia and green algae. Nevertheless, the integrated risk of all pollutants should be taken into account in future study.     

赤泥-电石渣-磷石膏固化铜污染土性能

为了研究在浸泡条件下赤泥-电石渣-磷石膏3种固废物混合料对铜污染土的固化效果,本文对其混合料固化土的无侧限抗压强度、应力-应变、重金属形态、浸出毒性及微观结构进行了检测.结果表明,固化土强度随养护龄期的增加而增大,且掺加固废物对其强度有明显改善作用.混合料固化土中铜的存在形式以铁锰氧化态为主,其浸出毒性随龄期增加而降低,且其浓度值均低于水泥固化土.此外,混合料固化土中水化产物以水化硅酸钙/水化硅铝酸钙和钙矾石为代表.水化产物对固化土内部结构起填充作用,可改善固化土强度.同时,水化硅酸钙/水化硅铝酸钙对铜离子有吸附作用,钙矾石可与铜离子发生阳离子置换作用.因此,固废物的添加可对铜离子产生固化作用.     

特种劳动防护用品安全标识监管与防伪系统的开发及应用

本系统将特种劳动防护用品在日常管理过程中出现的大量繁杂多变的信息转变为数字信息数据，并建立适当的数学模型，由计算机对模型进行综合分析处理，同时显示结果，从而实现特种劳动防护用品的数字化管理，实现产品的真伪辨别和产品质量的责任追溯。     

微生物磁效应在废水处理中的应用

介绍了微生物磁效应的原理和作用方式，综述了近年来国内外将微生物磁效应应用于活性污泥法、生物接触氧化法和酶法废水生物处理中的研究进展，指出了开发磁性生物亲和亲水填料是微生物磁效应运用于生物接触氧化废水处理技术的发展方向。