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101.
Borhani Faezeh Shafiepour Motlagh Majid Stohl Andreas Rashidi Yousef Ehsani Amir Houshang 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(10):3615-3637
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Air pollution and its effects on human health and the environment are one of the main concerns in urban areas. This study focuses on the distribution and... 相似文献
102.
Claudia Pahl-Wostl Christoph Schlumpf Martin Büssenschütt Andreas Schönborn Jan Burse 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(4):267-280
Within the CLEAR project a new approach to integrated assessment modelling has been developed for the participatory integrated
assessment of regional climate change involving citizens' focus groups. The climate change decision problem was structured
by focusing separately on climate impacts and mitigation options. The attempt was made to link the different scales of the
problem from the individual to the global level. The abstract topic of climate change was related to options on the level
of a citizen's individual lifestyle. The option of a low energy society was emphasised in order to embed the climate change
decision problem in a wider range of societal concerns. Special emphasis was given to the characterisation and communication
of uncertainties. The chosen approach allows different kinds of uncertainties in one framework to be addressed. The paper
concludes with a summary of the experience made, and recommendations for the use of models in participatory integrated assessments.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
103.
104.
Jovanne?Mevi-Schütz Marcel?Goverde Andreas?ErhardtEmail author 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(1):36-43
The effects of larval diet on the nutritional preferences of butterflies has rarely been examined. This study investigates whether alterations in the larval diet result in changes in adult preferences for nectar amino acids. Larvae of Coenonympha pamphilus were raised on fertilized or unfertilized Festuca rubra, grown under ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (750 ppm) atmospheric CO 2environments. Fertilization led to marked increases in leaf nitrogen concentration. In plants grown under elevated CO 2conditions, leaf water and nitrogen concentrations were significantly lower, and the C/N-ratio increased significantly. Fertilization of the host plant shortened the development time of C. pamphilus larvae, and pupal weight increased. In contrast, larvae of C. pamphilus developed significantly slower on F. rubra grown under elevated CO 2, but adult emergence weight was not affected by CO 2treatment of the plant. C. pamphilus females showed a clear preference for nectar mimics containing amino acids, whereas males, regardless of treatment, either preferred the nectar mimic void of amino acids or showed no preference for the different solutions. Female butterflies raised on fertilized plants showed a significant decline in their preference for nectar mimics containing amino acids. A slight, but not significant, trend towards increased nectar amino acid preference was found in females raised on plants grown under elevated CO 2. We clearly demonstrate that alterations in larval host quality led to changes in butterfly nectar preferences. The ability of the butterfly to either rely less on nectar uptake or compensate for poor larval conditions represents a trade-off between larval and adult butterfly feeding. 相似文献
105.
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107.
Jürgens N Schmiedel U Haarmeyer DH Dengler J Finckh M Goetze D Gröngröft A Hahn K Koulibaly A Luther-Mosebach J Muche G Oldeland J Petersen A Porembski S Rutherford MC Schmidt M Sinsin B Strohbach BJ Thiombiano A Wittig R Zizka G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):655-678
The international, interdisciplinary biodiversity research project BIOTA AFRICA initiated a standardized biodiversity monitoring network along climatic gradients across the African continent. Due to an identified lack of adequate monitoring designs, BIOTA AFRICA developed and implemented the standardized BIOTA Biodiversity Observatories, that meet the following criteria (a) enable long-term monitoring of biodiversity, potential driving factors, and relevant indicators with adequate spatial and temporal resolution, (b) facilitate comparability of data generated within different ecosystems, (c) allow integration of many disciplines, (d) allow spatial up-scaling, and (e) be applicable within a network approach. A BIOTA Observatory encompasses an area of 1?km2 and is subdivided into 100 1-ha plots. For meeting the needs of sampling of different organism groups, the hectare plot is again subdivided into standardized subplots, whose sizes follow a geometric series. To allow for different sampling intensities but at the same time to characterize the whole square kilometer, the number of hectare plots to be sampled depends on the requirements of the respective discipline. A hierarchical ranking of the hectare plots ensures that all disciplines monitor as many hectare plots jointly as possible. The BIOTA Observatory design assures repeated, multidisciplinary standardized inventories of biodiversity and its environmental drivers, including options for spatial up- and downscaling and different sampling intensities. BIOTA Observatories have been installed along climatic and landscape gradients in Morocco, West Africa, and southern Africa. In regions with varying land use, several BIOTA Observatories are situated close to each other to analyze management effects. 相似文献
108.
Andreas Züttel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(3):343-365
Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in
pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also
pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels.
Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of
toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element
in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay
for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming
energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen
is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric
density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure
gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific
surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent
and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily
react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can
be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace. 相似文献
109.
Gunga HC Suthau T Bellmann A Friedrich A Schwanebeck T Stoinski S Trippel T Kirsch K Hellwich O 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(8):623-630
Both body mass and surface area are factors determining the essence of any living organism. This should also hold true for
an extinct organism such as a dinosaur. The present report discusses the use of a new 3D laser scanner method to establish
body masses and surface areas of an Asian elephant (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark) and of Plateosaurus engelhardti, a prosauropod from the Upper Triassic, exhibited at the Paleontological Museum in Tübingen (Germany). This method was used
to study the effect that slight changes in body shape had on body mass for P. engelhardti. It was established that body volumes varied between 0.79 m3 (slim version) and 1.14 m3 (robust version), resulting in a presumable body mass of 630 and 912 kg, respectively. The total body surface areas ranged
between 8.8 and 10.2 m2, of which, in both reconstructions of P. engelhardti, ∼33% account for the thorax area alone. The main difference between the two models is in the tail and hind limb reconstruction.
The tail of the slim version has a surface area of 1.98 m2, whereas that of the robust version has a surface area of 2.73 m2. The body volumes calculated for the slim version were as follows: head 0.006 m3, neck 0.016 m3, fore limbs 0.020 m3, hind limbs 0.08 m3, thoracic cavity 0.533 m3, and tail 0.136 m3. For the robust model, the following volumes were established: 0.01 m3 head, neck 0.026 m3, fore limbs 0.025 m3, hind limbs 0.18 m3, thoracic cavity 0.616 m3, and finally, tail 0.28 m3. Based on these body volumes, scaling equations were used to assess the size that the organs of this extinct dinosaur have. 相似文献
110.
Only recently, studies of forest succession have started to include the effects of browsing by wild or domestic ungulates. We aim to contribute to this topic by analysing the influence of goat grazing on the long-term coexistence of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) in the low-elevation forests of an inner-Alpine dry valley. The forest gap model ForClim was first adapted to these site conditions by examining the site-dependent sensitivity of the model with regard to the species-specific parameterisation of the drought tolerance as well as the light demand of establishing and adult trees. In a second step, the behaviour of the model was investigated with respect to different grazing intensities and species-specific browsing susceptibilities. The last step was the application of a grazing scenario based on forest history, with 150 years of heavy browsing (by goats) at the beginning of the simulated forest succession, followed by less intensive grazing pressure. 相似文献