贵州省旱地土壤和玉米As含量特征及其种植安全性评估

为了解贵州省旱地土壤和玉米籽粒As含量分布特征,并评估其玉米种植的安全性,采集自然土壤样品468个,旱地表层土壤样品1260个,相应玉米籽粒样品980个,测定其As含量和土壤基本理化性质,运用单因子污染指数法对样品污染程度进行评价.结果表明:①旱地土壤ω(As)范围为0.35~758.53 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为23.28 mg·kg^-1,经独立样本T检验,贵州省旱地土壤的ω(As)显著高于自然土壤的21.29 mg·kg^-1(P<0.05),表明旱地土壤存在As累积效应;与《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618-2018)筛选值相比,土壤样品超标率为33.81%.②玉米籽粒ω(As)范围为0.001~0.868 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为0.064 mg·kg^-1,0.61%的玉米籽粒样品超过《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)的限值,超标点位分布于毕节市、黔西南州和铜仁市.③将玉米籽粒作为饲料和粮食使用时,贵州省旱地土壤均可以安全种植玉米.研究表明贵州省旱地土壤As污染较严重,整体上可实现玉米安全种植,但涉As有色金属矿区周边种植玉米需要加以关注.     

基于无人机观测研究杭州湾化工园区近地面层臭氧垂直廓线

为了解化工园区大气污染情况,使用自主研制的微型大气检测仪结合无人机研究化工园区臭氧(O₃)垂直廓线,在2020年8月~2021年1月于杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区开展了12d无人机外场观测实验.各观测日从08:00~18:00每隔1h进行一次飞行观测,每次观测分别获得了离地面0,50,100,200,300,400,500m的O₃、总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)和二氧化氮(NO₂)浓度.结果表明:受气象因素、地面工厂排放以及早晚出行高峰的影响,TVOCs和NO₂浓度整体随高度增加而下降,其中NO₂浓度随高度上升而下降的幅度较明显,在0m处浓度为19.7~59.1μg/m³,500m处为5.9~21.7μg/m³,下降率为40~70%,TVOCs和NO₂浓度都呈现出早晚高、正午低的日变化趋势,此外可能受逆温层的影响导致个别天数NO₂浓度在400~500m不降反升;O₃受前体物光化学反应、太阳辐射强度及平流层输送的影响,其浓度随高度增加而下降,平均浓度在0m处为49.2μg/m³,500m处为98.4μg/m³,O₃日变化浓度在15:00~17:00达到峰值.TVOCs和O₃、NO₂和O₃在各高度浓度均呈负相关,受不同季节气象因素差异和冬季取暖排放增加的影响,O₃浓度季节变化为夏>秋>冬,TVOCs和NO₂浓度为冬季>秋季>夏季.后向轨迹聚类分析表明化工园区本地O₃浓度会受区域输送影响升高,在冬季时由于气温低不利于前体物生成O₃,本地O₃浓度受区域输送影响较夏季小.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Correction to: Allocation of risk and benefits—distributional justices in mountain hazard management

As financing protection against mountain hazards becomes increasingly challenging and therefore investments have to be prioritized, dilemmas of justice emerge: some local governments and individuals benefit from natural hazard protection schemes, whereas others loose. Decisions on whom to protect often caused contradicting concepts of political understanding, which differ in interpretations of fair resource allocation and distribution. This paper analyses the impact of different philosophical schools of social justice on mountain hazard management in Austria. We used data from a spatially explicit, object-based assessment of elements at risk and compared potential distributional effects of three political jurisdictions. We found that—depending on the respective political direction—various local governments gain and others loose within the actual distributional system of mitigation strategies. The implementation of a utilitarian policy approach would cause that high income communities in hazard-prone areas would mainly benefit. Consequently, this policy direction would encourage the public administration to ignore their own failure in the past natural hazards management and prevention. On the other hand, following a Rawlsians approach mainly peripheral communities would gain from new policy direction who often show besides natural hazards problem mainly large socio-economic challenges. Finally, the most radical change would include the implementation of a liberalism policy, whereabouts the state only provides hazard information, but no further mitigation measures. These findings highlight the distributional consequences of future mountain hazard management strategies and point to the crucial selection of policy direction in navigating the selection of various adaptation schemes.

     

Predicting future effects from nutrient abatement and climate change on phosphorus concentrations in Lake Bourget, France

Like many temperate European lakes, Lake Bourget (France) has suffered from eutrophication during the second half of the last century. Due to a remarkable restoration program, the lake has been recovering for the past 25 years after a massive decrease in total phosphorus (TP) loading. TP concentrations have decreased from about 100-120 to 20-25 μg/L. Additional efforts are, however, still required to obtain a perennially sustainable good ecological status and model parameterisation of fluxes can assist in predicting future outcomes, especially in the context of global warming. In this paper, a dynamic model (MeroLakeMab) was developed and tested with the purpose to reconstruct the loading history of Lake Bourget and to predict TP concentrations during scenarios of increased temperature, decreased water runoff and decreased P loading. Simulations suggested that the historical TP loading decrease may have been as extensive as 88%. Decreases in water discharge to Lake Bourget at magnitudes forecasted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would not affect TP concentrations notably, but marked concentration changes could, however, occur if decreases in runoff would have a strong impact on the TP loading. Increasing temperature effects on yearly mean TP concentrations in the water column would be very small compared to effects from changes in the TP loading. Predictions such as these could be instrumental for future successful lake management.     

The interval between sexual encounters affects male courtship tactics in a desert-dwelling fish

Courtship displays are often important in determining male mating success but can also be costly. Thus, instead of courting females indiscriminately, males might be expected to adjust their signalling effort strategically. Theory, however, predicts that such adjustments should depend on the rate with which males encounter females, a prediction that has been subject to very little empirical testing. Here, we investigate the effects of female encounter rate on male courtship intensity by manipulating the time interval between sequential presentations of large (high quality) and small (low quality) females in a fish, the Australian desert goby Chlamydogobius eremius. Males that were presented with a small female immediately after a large female reduced their courtship intensity significantly. However, males courted large and small females with equal intensity if the interval between the sequential presentations was longer. Our results suggest that mate encounter rate is an important factor shaping male reproductive decisions and, consequently, the evolutionary potential of sexual selection.     

Pesticides in the aquatic environment ‐ experiences from Austrian monitoring programmes

The present paper deals with the impact of pesticides on water quality in Austria. Results of different monitoring programmes and surveys concerning the contamination of groundwater and running waters are provided; various aspects of sediment analyses and bioindication are also discussed. The evaluation of the data reveals a rather serious situation particularly in the eastern parts of the country intensively used by agricultural activities. The substances most often detected are triazines and lindane. Legal measures and key figures on the Austrian agriculture are also presented.