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581.
I. Travar S. Lidelöw L. Andreas G. Tham A. Lagerkvist 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(4):1336-1346
Large amounts of construction materials will be needed in Europe in anticipation for capping landfills that will be closed due to the tightening up of landfill legislation. This study was conducted to assess the potential environmental impacts of using refuse derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes as substitutes for natural materials in landfill cover designs. The leaching of substances from a full-scale landfill cover test area built with different fly and bottom ashes was evaluated based on laboratory tests and field monitoring. The water that drained off above the liner (drainage) and the water that percolated through the liner into the landfill (leachate) were contaminated with Cl?, nitrogen and several trace elements (e.g., As, Cu, Mo, Ni and Se). The drainage from layers containing ash will probably require pre-treatment before discharge. The leachate quality from the ash cover is expected to have a minor influence on overall landfill leachate quality because the amounts generated from the ash covers were low, <3–30 l (m2 yr)?1. Geochemical modelling indicated that precipitation of clay minerals and other secondary compounds in the ash liner was possible within 3 years after construction, which could contribute to the retention of trace elements in the liner in the long term. Hence, from an environmental view point, the placement of ashes in layers above the liner is more critical than within the liner. 相似文献
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A simple formula to calculate the ionization energies of two-, three-, and four-electron atomic ions
We have previously proposed a simple equation that is able to reproduce literature values (Moore 1970) for the ionization energies of one-electron (Lang and Smith 1981) and two-electron (Sabir Ali et al. 1984) atomic ions with very good agreement. However, our proposed equation has no firm theoretical basis, only that we consider
our potential energy approach a logical alternative to the usual kinetic relativistic/quantum mechanical methodology. The
results calculated from the equation give excellent agreement with literature values and differ by less than 1 eV and less
than 0.02% in all cases from hydrogen up to atomic number 20. This paper provides an updated version of the two-electron equation
adapted to calculate the ionization energies of three and four electron ions. Our equation also gives fairly good estimates
of first electron affinities. Comparisons are made with another published equation, sources of data are described, and the
calculated results are discussed. 相似文献
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建设长江产业带不能沿用旧的发展模式,必须寻求一条人口、经济、社会、环境与资源相互协调的、能满足当代人的需求而又不对满足后代人需求的能力构成危害的可持续发展道路。 相似文献
588.
Andreas R. Richter Stephen R. Humphrey James B. Cope Virgil Brack Jr. 《Conservation biology》1993,7(2):407-415
Entrances to many caves occupied by the endangered Indiana bat ( Myotis sodalis ) have been modified to control human access. We show that modifying cave entrances can degrade the bats' winter habitat, we demonstrate one mechanism by which this damage occurs, and we document a restoration experiment. We compared a large bar population in an unmodified cave with a small, reduced bat population in a cave with warm winter temperatures resulting from an entrance wall that impeded air exchange. In the modified cave, mean winter temperature at the hibernation site was 5.0° C higher than in the unmodified cave, bats entered hibernation at a 5% higher body mass, bats lost 42% more mass and the frequency distribution of late-winter mass was truncated, with no bats weighing less than 5.4 g. The results describe unacceptable extremes for hibernation: subfreezing temperatures and warm temperatures causing mass-loss rates of more than 0.009 g/day. Over a decade following removal of the entrance-constricting wall, the population increased from 2,000 to 13,000 bats. Previous recommendations, based on common-sense observation, to open blocked cave entrances are confirmed by this study. The similar case of Coach Cave, Kentucky, offers the potential for recovery of 100,000 Indiana bats. 相似文献
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Eadsforth Charles Austin Tom Bouvy Alain Cassani Giorgio DeFerrer Juanantonio Hager Claus-Dierk Schowanek Diederik Taeger Klaus Willing Andreas 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2013,25(1):1-9
The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities. 相似文献