线性溶剂化能相关方法应用及参数估算

简要介绍了线性溶剂化能相关方法的原理，回顾了该方法在溶解度、辛醇／水分配系数和生物毒性预测中的成功应用，重点讨论了参数估算规则，以利于该方法进一步推广。     

Response types in Collembola towards copper in the microenvironment

Laboratory studies were carried out to cast light on differences in density responses among collembolan species to copper (Cu)-polluted environments. In a recolonisation experiment, mesofauna originating from a copper (Cupolluted arable field were allowed to colonise defaunated Cu-contaminated and uncontaminated soil cores for 3 months. The abundances of Pseudosinella alba and gamasid mites were higher in the uncontaminated soil, whereas the majority of other collembolans tended to be more abundant in the Cu-enriched soil. Behavioural experiments were conducted to test the ability of single Collembola species to distinguish between filter paper and food soaked in water, Cu, and calcium (Ca) solutions. Onychiurus armatus avoided both Cu and Ca, whereas Folsomia quadrioculata and Folsomia manolachei showed a significant preference for Cu. Isotomurus palustris was not able to distinguish between Cu and water. The results are compared and discussed with regard to other studies on the occurrence and behaviour of Collembola in Cu-contaminated environments. We suggest that microsite selection according to preference or avoidance of high salinity of pore water may partly explain the community structure of Collembola in Cu-polluted soils which are characterised by an increase of euedaphic species. More studies have to be carried out to generalise this concept and to explore to what extent reduced predation by gamasid mites contribute to the success of certain Collembola in Cu-contaminated sites.     

Screening and Scenarios of Traffic Emissions at Trier,Germany

SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: In the course of the European Council Directive on permissible air pollutant limit values, valid starting from 2005 there is an urgent call for action, particularly for fine dust (PM10). Current investigations (Junk & Helbig 2003, Reuter & Baumüller 2003) show that the limit values in certain places in congested areas are exceeded. Only if it is possible to locate these Hot Spots purposeful measures to reduce the ambient air pollution can be conducted. For an efficient identification of these Hot Spots numerical computer models or establishing special measurements networks are too expensive. Using the statistical model STREET 5.0 (KTT 2003) a cost-effective screening of the air pollution situation caused by the traffic can be done. METHODS: STREET is based on the 3-dimensional micro-scale non-hydrostatic flow- and dispersion model MISCAM (Eichhorn 1989). The results of over 100.000 different calculations with MISCAM are stored in a Database and used to calculate the emissions with STREET. In collaboration with the city council of Trier more than 150 streets were investigated, mapped, and calculated. A special urban climate measuring network supplies the necessary meteorological input data about the wind field and precipitation events in the valley of the Moselle. Information about road width and road orientation as well as building density was derived from aerial photographs. Traffic censuses and mobile air pollutants measurements supplied the remaining input data. We calculated the mean annual air pollutant concentrations for NO2, CO, SO2, O3, benzene as well as PM10. RESULTS: A comparison of the model results with the values obtained from the stations of the central emission measuring network of Rhineland-Palatinate (ZIMEN, annual report 2002) shows very good agreements. The model was not only used to calculate the annual air pollutant but also for urban planning and management. The absolute level of the air pollutant is mainly dependent on the amount of traffic in the street canyons. Therefore four different case-scenarios with varying quantity of traffic were calculated and interpreted for each street. The results of the calculation show that on the basis of the mean values for both NO2 and benzene, it is not to be expected that the limits PERSPECTIVES: Furthermore the model can be used to find the maximum tolerable numbers of cars for a street without exceeding the air pollutant thresholds.     

Forest reflectance modeling: theoretical aspects and applications

Forest reflectance models are able to contribute to the interpretation of satellite images over forested areas. A multipurpose forest reflectance model, its basic ideas, model input and output options are briefly described. The possibility to apply the model in forest remote sensing is demonstrated through the following simulation examples: the age dependence of forest reflectance, the seasonal course of forest reflectance, defoliation effects on forest reflectance, sensitivity of chlorophyll and water indices with respect to leaf chlorophyll and water content, respectively, and uncertainties in these indices introduced by the variation in stand parameters. When used together with the atmospheric radiative transfer and sensor calibration models, the forest reflectance model is applicable in satellite-imagery-aided forest ecology and health assessment, forest inventory and management.     

Anthropogenic threats to evolutionary heritage of angiosperms in the Netherlands through an increase in high-competition environments

Present biodiversity comprises the evolutionary heritage of Earth's epochs. Lineages from particular epochs are often found in particular habitats, but whether current habitat decline threatens the heritage from particular epochs is unknown. We hypothesized that within a given region, humans threaten specifically habitats that harbor lineages from a particular geological epoch. We expect so because humans threaten environments that dominated and lineages that diversified during these epochs. We devised a new approach to quantify, per habitat type, diversification of lineages from different epochs. For Netherlands, one of the floristically and ecologically best-studied regions, we quantified the decline of habitat types and species in the past century. We defined habitat types based on vegetation classification and used existing ranking of decline of vegetation classes and species. Currently, most declining habitat types and the group of red-listed species are characterized by increased diversification of lineages dating back to Paleogene, specifically to Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene. Among vulnerable habitat types with large representation of lineages from these epochs were sublittoral and eulittoral zones of temperate seas and 2 types of nutrient-poor, open habitats. These losses of evolutionary heritage would go unnoticed with classical measures of evolutionary diversity. Loss of heritage from Paleocene-Eocene became unrelated to decline once low competition, shade tolerance, and low proportion of non-Apiaceae were accounted for, suggesting that these variables explain the loss of heritage from Paleocene-Eocene. Losses of heritage from Oligocene were partly explained by decline of habitat types occupied by weak competitors and shade-tolerant species. Our results suggest a so-far unappreciated human threat to evolutionary heritage: habitat decline threatens descendants from particular epochs. If the trends persist into the future uncontrolled, there may be no habitats within the region for many descendants of evolutionary ancient epochs, such as Paleogene.     

Procedural rationality and ethical theory

This paper is based on one given by Professor Faludi at the Conference on Planning Theory at Torino, Italy in 1986. It answers criticisms of his procedural planning theory voiced by various theorists and enjoined by the authors of the call for papers for the conference. The paper argues that the misgivings voiced by critics have their parallel in ethical theory and develops the view that procedural rationality and utilitarianism share an ethical principle. The paper concludes with a call for an end to sterile debate and an acceptance of different modes of argument.     

石门揭煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测的理论分析

目前,我国石门揭煤工作面突出事故仍时有发生。为了研究石门揭煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出(以下简称"突出")预测问题,首先,根据工作经验指出我国《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》中2种预测方法(综合指标法、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标法)存在的不足,即预测指标缺乏理论依据、临界值往往难以通过试验考察确定;其次,建立了石门揭煤工作面突出预测的物理模型,认为突出主要是爆破卸压增渗与瓦斯渗流产生的剪应力达到了煤体的剪切强度所致(突出的必要条件而非充要条件);第三,采用变分法求解强非线性一维平面瓦斯渗流偏微分方程,获得包括非线性特性的自模拟解(近似解析解);最后,利用自模拟解等建立了石门揭煤工作面突出预测的临界条件,得到了瓦斯压力的临界值p0max与煤的坚固性系数f的平方成正比的结论。介绍了俄罗斯现行防突指南中的临界条件(p0max1.4f2)及有关情况,建议作为综合指标法等的辅助指标用于石门揭煤工作面突出预测,也可供斜井、立井揭煤工作面突出预测参考。     

Effects of new technologies with special regard for the implementation process per se

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the implementation process to new technologies [e.g. drawing board/computer-aided design (CAD), microfiche/electronic data processing] on the employees concerned. Since the emphasis of the study lay in the intrinsic relationship of the implementation process with stress reactions, the parameters were measured at the place of work in a longitudinal design. Employees (n = 279) in seven companies (work fields: CAD, clerical work, telephone information desk) were tested three times — two months prior to, during, and 12 months after implementation. Aspects of strain and satisfaction were taken into account at each measurement phase. A special test-instrument was designed to describe the ’style of implementation‘ (manner in which implementation took place) particular to each company. The level of strain was found to increase during the implementation process. The amount of this increase was found to correlate with the company's style of implementation as well as with the type of the individual's work activity. The highest levels were found among those employees little included in the implementation process and those whose work is described as monotonous.     

Noncovalent bonds are key mechanisms for the cohesion of barnacle (Balanus crenatus) adhesive proteins

Cement of the barnacle species, Balanus crenatus, was isolated and separated by SDS-PAGE. Reductive and nonreductive conditions yielded the same result of six major proteins (in the range up to 100 kDa) occurring as two triplets. A third triplet of lower molecular mass was faintly visible. The presence of a reductive agent had only little impact on the solubility of B. crenatus cement. The strong effect of the denaturing conditions (the presence of SDS and the incubation at elevated temperature) on the solubility of the barnacle cement and the absence of disulfide signals in Raman spectra suggest a complex structure of the barnacle cement noncovalently bound. It can be speculated that this protein complex in its quaternary structure is formed by small subunits and is equivalent to the globular cement structures previously detected.