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771.
772.
Anna Höglhammer Andreas Muhar Patricia Stokowski Thomas Schauppenlehner Renate Eder 《Local Environment》2018,23(8):814-829
Urban public spaces are important areas for leisure, recreation and physical activity and therefore contribute to the quality of life in cities. In particular, for adolescents they provide important spaces to meet with their peers, away from parental or school control. In many cities worldwide, public spaces have undergone severe developmental processes, and often a withdrawal from public space is noted. With regard to the opportunities those spaces provide for adolescents, it is necessary to investigate their current meaning for adolescents in a leisure context. In this article, qualitative research methods were used to investigate factors affecting adolescents’ use of public spaces in Vienna, Austria. In total 45 adolescents were interviewed. Results show that public open spaces are not regarded as important leisure spaces, and data reveal a strong retreat to private areas for leisure purposes. Perceived insecurities and fears support these processes and often result in avoidance of public spaces but also the wish for more control by authorities. 相似文献
773.
774.
Andreas Otto Wagner Gudrun Gstrauntaler Paul Illmer 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(10):1822-1827
Inocula derived from an anaerobic digester were used to study (i) their potential for methane production and (ii) the utilisation rates of different short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by the microbial community in defined media with mono-carbon sources (formic-, acetetic-, propionic-, butyric acid) in batch culture. It could be demonstrated that the microbial reactor population could be transferred successfully to the lab, and its ability to build up methane was present even with deteriorating biogas plant performance. Therefore, this reduction in performance of the biogas plant was not due to a decrease in abundance, but due to an inactivity of the microbial community. Generally, the physico-chemical properties of the biogas plant seemed to favour hydrogenotrophic methanogens, as seen by the high metabolisation rates of formate compared with all other carbon sources. In contrast, acetoclastic methanogenesis could be shown to play a minor role in the methane production of the investigated biogas plant, although the origin of up to 66% of methane is generally suggested to be generated through acetoclastic pathway. 相似文献
775.
This study was undertaken to further clarify whether the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon (Linnaeus 1758), is a gonochorist, a facultative or an obligate hermaphrodite. Juvenile shrimps were sampled from intertidal
habitats along the German Wadden Sea coast with a push net and from a power plant water inlet to quantify the share of primary
females. Length-based sex ratios were determined for about 27,000 individuals using external characteristics. Observed sex
ratios were mainly female-biased, and also large males occurred regularly in the catch. This indicates that sex at hatch is
not male as would be characteristic for an obligate protandric hermaphrodite and that not all male shrimps change sex. A cohort-based
computer simulation, including sex-specific growth rates, mortality and seasonally varying recruitment, generated sex ratios
comparable to the field. The observed decline in the proportion of males with increasing size can be explained solely by faster
growth of females without involving hermaphroditism. Based on temperature-dependent growth and moult rates as well as length-specific
numbers of eggs per female, the potential egg production of primary and secondary females was modelled, yielding contributions
of secondary females of <1%. Sex change in C. crangon has previously been observed and may be interpreted as an evolutionary relict of this species having evolved in a habitat
characterized by lower population densities, lower predation levels and increased longevity compared to today’s living conditions
in North Sea coastal waters. 相似文献
776.
Arne Arnberger Wolfgang Haider Renate Eder Andreas Muhar 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(6):809-825
Depending on gender and activity, overcrowding and safety concerns may detract from urban green space use. Differences in use displacement intentions from a recreational trail in a forest in Vienna were investigated for male and female walkers as well as male and female dog-walkers (N = 425) using an image-based stated preference model. The trail scenarios were depicted as digitally calibrated images that systematically displayed combinations of levels of crowding with different mixes of user types and visitor behaviour. Visitors were asked whether the presented recreation scenario was so unacceptable that they would shift their use away from the presented trail. Hours and days of stated non-use of the recreation trail by various user groups are estimated by integrating the results of the behavioural model with annual visitation data. Use displacement intentions differed by gender and activity. High use levels were a greater concern for all respondents than very low use levels, particularly for female dog-walkers. However, only a small proportion of the recorded hours were heavily used. Safety concerns about very low use levels reduced the potential times of forest use for female walkers without a dog. 相似文献
777.
在分析车辆间事故过程的基础上,论述车辆间碰撞交通事故计算机辅助鉴定技术的基本原理,回顾碰撞前后阶段的HVOSM,PHASE4,SIMON等事故再现轨迹模型,概要地阐述CRASH类、动量模型类逆向计算系统以及二维、三维正向模拟类软件的计算原理,并进行分析和评述。研究认为,我国车辆间碰撞交通事故鉴定应将逆向计算与正向模拟相结合,建议通过研究交通事故现场勘查技术和建立车辆、轮胎、路面摩擦特性等基础数据库来提高逆向计算系统初始数据的准确性,从而提高交通事故鉴定的精度。 相似文献
778.
First evidence for a stereoselective incorporation of nonylphenol diastereomers in soil-derived organo-clay complexes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Riefer Patrick Schwarzbauer Jan Schäffer Andreas Klausmeyer Timm Schmidt Burkhard 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(2):293-299
Environmental processes can affect the stereochemical properties of organic pollutants. In particular, biotic processes like microbial transformations or membrane penetration alter the ratios of enantiomers as well as diastereomers. These effects have been intensively used not only in environmental studies but also in medicine, toxicology, pharmacy, and agricultural sciences. However, in order to identify unambiguously biotic-initiated alteration of organic compounds, the knowledge on the stereoselective effect of all relevant processes is mandatory. Therefore, here we report the first evidence for a stereospecific formation of non-extractable residues of a xeniobiotic in a highly relevant soil subfraction, the organo-clay complexes. In this study, soils were spiked with labeled and unlabeled nonylphenol isomer, and incubation experiments were performed to study its long-term incorporation behavior into soil-derived organo-clay complexes under abiotic and biotic conditions. Besides the extractable particle-associated proportion especially the humic fractions comprising the bound residues have been analyzed by GC/MS. Our results from biotic experiments revealed alterations of the diastereomeric composition of the contaminant in the different soil humic subfractions. A depletion of the first eluting diastereomer as expressed by diastereomeric ratios around 0.6 has been observed for the extractable fraction, whereas the non-extractable proportion was enriched in the first diastereomer (diasteremoric ratio around 1.0). On the contrary, the diastereomeric ratios remained unaffected during the abiotic experiments (diasteremoric ratio around 0.8). These systematic observations give clear evidence that the process of microbial-assisted incorporation of nonylphenol into soil organo-clay complexes is a stereoselective process. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a stereoselective incorporation process of organic substances forming non-extractable residues. Consequently, the formation of non-extractable residues has to be considered in environmental studies dealing with stereoselective analysis of organic pollutants in soils to study their microbial transformation. 相似文献
779.
Mats Gustafsson Göran Blomqvist Anders Gudmundsson Andreas Dahl Per Jonsson Erik Swietlicki 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(31):4699-4702
Accelerated pavement wear is one of the major environmental disadvantages of studded tyres in northern regions and results in increased levels of PM10. Measurements of PM10 in a road simulator hall have been used to study the influence of pavement properties, tyre type and vehicle speed on pavement wear. The test set-up included three different pavements (one granite and two quartzite with different aggregate sizes), three different tyre types (studded, non-studded, and summer tyres) and different speeds (30–70 km h?1). The results show that the granite pavement was more prone to PM10 production compared to the quartzite pavements. Studded winter tyres yield tens of times higher PM10 concentrations compared to non-studded winter tyres. Wear from summer tyres was negligible in comparison. It was also shown that wear is strongly dependent on speed; every 10 km h?1 increase yielded an increase of the PM10 concentration of 680 μg m?3 in one of the simulator experiments. 相似文献
780.
Guangli Xiu Ji Cai Wenying Zhang Danian Zhang Andreas Büeler Shuncheng Lee Yan Shen Lihang Xu Xuejuan Huang Ping Zhang 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(19):3145-3154
Size-fractionated particles were collected at two sites from July 2004 to April 2006 in Shanghai. The mercury in particles was extracted and divided operationally into four species: exchangeable particulate mercury (EXPM), HCl-soluble particulate mercury (HPM), elemental particulate mercury (EPM) and residual particulate mercury. The total particulate Hg concentration during the study period ranged from 0.07 ng m?3 to 1.45 ng m?3 with the average 0.56 ± 0.22 ng m?3 at site 1, while 0.20 ng m?3–0.47 ng m?3 with the average 0.33 ± 0.09 ng m?3 at site 2, which is far higher than some foreign cities and comparable to some cities with heavy air pollution in China. The Hg mass content also displayed evident size distribution, with higher value in PM1.6–3.7, somewhat higher or lower than the source profile. EXAM was only found in the summer, HPM have higher percentage in summer and fall rather than in winter and spring. The different mercury species showed different correlation to temperature, relative humidity, wind speed. HPM positively depends on temperature at both sites which implies the importance of mercury transformation on particles. In foggy days TPM increased greatly, but HPM didn't vary greatly as anticipated. Instead, RPM gained a distinguished increase. It demonstrated that aqueous reaction and complex heterogenic reactions in droplet might happen in acidic environment. The correlation of mercury with other pollutants including SO2, NO2, CO and PM10 varies with the different mercury forms. Hybrid single-particle lagrangian integrated trajectories (HYSPLIT) model was used to back trace air mass at different representative days and results indicated that transportation from Huabei Plain will increase mercury concentration in winter and fall to some extent. The possible existing compounds and their atmospheric behavior of HPM, EPM and RPM were calculated and the compared to analyze its implication on atmospheric mercury cycle. 相似文献