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31.
Chengliang Li Andreas Schffer Harry Vereecken Marc Heggen Rong Ji Erwin Klumpp 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2013,25(3):466-472
The aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in the aqueous phase not only inhibits their extensive utilization in various aspects but also dominates their environmental fate and transport.The role of surfactants at low concentration in the aggregation of MWCNTs has been studied,however the effect of perfluorinated surfactants at low concentration is uncertain.To understand this interfacial phenomenon,the influences of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a control,on MWCNT aggregation in the aqueous phase were examined by the UV absorbency method.Influences of pH and cationic species on the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) value were evaluated.The CCC values were dependent on the concentration of PFOA,however a pronounced effect of SDS concentration on the CCC values was not observed.The CCC values of the MWCNTs were 51.6 mmol/L in NaCl and 0.28 mmol/L in CaCl 2 solutions,which suggested pronounced differences in the effects of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the aggregation of the MWCNTs.The presence of both PFOA and SDS significantly decreased the CCC values of the MWCNTs in NaCl solution.The aggregation of the MWCNTs took place under acidic conditions and was not notably altered under neutral and alkaline conditions due to the electrostatic repulsion of deprotonated functional groups on the surface of the MWCNTs. 相似文献
32.
Power matters in closing the phenotyping gap 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meyer CW Elvert R Scherag A Ehrhardt N Gailus-Durner V Fuchs H Schäfer H Hrabé de Angelis M Heldmaier G Klingenspor M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(5):401-406
Much of our understanding of physiology and metabolism is derived from investigating mouse mutants and transgenic mice, and
open-access platforms for standardized mouse phenotyping such as the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) are currently viewed as one
powerful tool for identifying novel gene-function relationships. Phenotyping or phenotypic screening involves the comparison of wild-type control mice with their mutant or transgenic littermates. In our study, we explored
the extent to which standardized phenotyping will succeed in detecting biologically relevant phenotypic differences in mice
generated and provided by different collaborators. We analyzed quantitative metabolic data (body mass, energy intake, and
energy metabolized) collected at the GMC under the current workflow, and used them for statistical power considerations. Our
results demonstrate that there is substantial variability in these parameters among lines of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice from
different sources. Given this variable background noise in mice that serve as controls, subtle phenotypes in mutant or transgenic
littermates may be overlooked. Furthermore, a phenotype observed in one cohort of a mutant line may not be reproducible (to
the same extent) in mice coming from a different environment or supplier. In the light of these constraints, we encourage
researchers to incorporate information on intrastrain variability into future study planning, or to perform advanced hierarchical
analyses. Both will ultimately improve the detectability of novel phenotypes by phenotypic screening.
Carola W. Meyer and Ralf Elvert contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
33.
Gunga HC Suthau T Bellmann A Friedrich A Schwanebeck T Stoinski S Trippel T Kirsch K Hellwich O 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(8):623-630
Both body mass and surface area are factors determining the essence of any living organism. This should also hold true for
an extinct organism such as a dinosaur. The present report discusses the use of a new 3D laser scanner method to establish
body masses and surface areas of an Asian elephant (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark) and of Plateosaurus engelhardti, a prosauropod from the Upper Triassic, exhibited at the Paleontological Museum in Tübingen (Germany). This method was used
to study the effect that slight changes in body shape had on body mass for P. engelhardti. It was established that body volumes varied between 0.79 m3 (slim version) and 1.14 m3 (robust version), resulting in a presumable body mass of 630 and 912 kg, respectively. The total body surface areas ranged
between 8.8 and 10.2 m2, of which, in both reconstructions of P. engelhardti, ∼33% account for the thorax area alone. The main difference between the two models is in the tail and hind limb reconstruction.
The tail of the slim version has a surface area of 1.98 m2, whereas that of the robust version has a surface area of 2.73 m2. The body volumes calculated for the slim version were as follows: head 0.006 m3, neck 0.016 m3, fore limbs 0.020 m3, hind limbs 0.08 m3, thoracic cavity 0.533 m3, and tail 0.136 m3. For the robust model, the following volumes were established: 0.01 m3 head, neck 0.026 m3, fore limbs 0.025 m3, hind limbs 0.18 m3, thoracic cavity 0.616 m3, and finally, tail 0.28 m3. Based on these body volumes, scaling equations were used to assess the size that the organs of this extinct dinosaur have. 相似文献
34.
Linda Bröder Laurent Tatin Axel Hochkirch Andreas Schuld Lucas Pabst Aurélien Besnard 《Conservation biology》2020,34(3):743-753
Information on population sizes and trends of threatened species is essential for their conservation, but obtaining reliable estimates can be challenging. We devised a method to improve the precision of estimates of population size obtained from capture–recapture studies for species with low capture and recapture probabilities and short seasonal activity, illustrated with population data of an elusive grasshopper (Prionotropis rhodanica). We used data from 5 capture–recapture studies to identify methodological and environmental factors affecting capture and recapture probabilities and estimates of population size. In a simulation, we used the population size and capture and recapture probability estimates obtained from the field studies to identify the minimum number of sampling occasions needed to obtain unbiased and robust estimates of population size. Based on these results we optimized the capture–recapture design, implemented it in 2 additional studies, and compared their precision with those of the nonoptimized studies. Additionally, we simulated scenarios based on thresholds of population size in criteria C and D of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List to investigate whether estimates of population size for elusive species can reliably inform red-list assessments. Identifying parameters that affect capture and recapture probabilities (for the grasshopper time since emergence of first adults) and optimizing field protocols based on this information reduced study effort (−6% to −27% sampling occasions) and provided more precise estimates of population size (reduced coefficient of variation) compared with nonoptimized studies. Estimates of population size from the scenarios based on the IUCN thresholds were mostly unbiased and robust (only the combination of very small populations and little study effort produced unreliable estimates), suggesting capture–recapture can be considered reliable for informing red-list assessments. Although capture–recapture remains difficult and costly for elusive species, our optimization procedure can help determine efficient protocols to increase data quality and minimize monitoring effort. 相似文献
35.
In this study, dry season radon flux densities and radon fluxes have been determined at the rehabilitated Nabarlek uranium mine in northern Australia using conventional charcoal canisters. Environmental background levels amounted to 31± 15 milli Becquerel per m2 per second (mBq m−2 s−1). Radon flux densities within the fenced rehabilitated mine area showed large variations with a maximum of 6500 mBq m−2 s−1 at an area south of the former pit characterised by a disequilibrium between 226Ra and 238U. Radon flux densities were also high above the areas of the former pit (mean 971 mBq m−2 s−1) and waste rock dump (mean 335 mBq m−2 s−1). The lower limit for the total pre-mining radon flux from the fenced area (140 ha) was estimated to 214 kBq s−1, post-mining radon flux amounted to 174 kBq s−1.Our study highlights that the results of radon flux studies are vitally dependant on the selection of individual survey points. We suggest the use of a randomised system for both the selection of survey points and the placement of charcoal canisters at each survey point, to avoid over estimation of radon flux densities. It is also important to emphasize the significance of having reliable pre-mining radiological data available to assess the success of rehabilitation of a uranium mine site.2006 Springer. The Australian Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
36.
Dimitrakopoulos PG Siamantziouras AS Galanidis A Mprezetou I Troumbis AY 《Environmental management》2006,37(6):826-839
We conducted a field experiment using constructed communities to test whether species richness contributed to the maintenance
of ecosystem processes under fire disturbance. We studied the effects of diversity components (i.e., species richness and
species composition) upon productivity, structural traits of vegetation, decomposition rates, and soil nutrients between burnt
and unburnt experimental Mediterranean grassland communities. Our results demonstrated that fire and species richness had
interactive effects on aboveground biomass production and canopy structure components. Fire increased biomass production of
the highest-richness communities. The effects of fire on aboveground biomass production at different levels of species richness
were derived from changes in both vertical and horizontal canopy structure of the communities. The most species-rich communities
appeared to be more resistant to fire in relation to species-poor ones, due to both compositional and richness effects. Interactive
effects of fire and species richness were not important for belowground processes. Decomposition rates increased with species
richness, related in part to increased levels of canopy structure traits. Fire increased soil nutrients and long-term decomposition
rate. Our results provide evidence that composition within richness levels had often larger effects on the stability of aboveground
ecosystem processes in the face of fire disturbance than species richness per se. 相似文献
37.
The destruction of land and forced migration during the Anfal attacks against the Kurds in Iraq in the late 1980s has been reported to have severe consequences for agricultural development. A reconstruction program to aid people in returning to their lands was launched in 1991. To assess the agricultural situation in the Duhok governorate during the pre-Anfal (A), post-Anfal (B), reconstruction (C), and present (D) periods, we mapped winter crops by focusing on inter-annual variability in vegetation greenness, using satellite images. The results indicate a decrease in cultivated area between period A and B, and a small increase between period B and C. This supports reports of a decline in cultivated area related to the Anfal campaign, and indicates increased activity during the reconstruction program. Period D showed a potential recovery with a cropland area similar to period A. 相似文献
38.
Climate change generally requires species to migrate northward or to higher elevation to maintain constant climate conditions, but migration requirement and migration capacity of individual species can vary greatly. Individual populations of species occupy different positions in the landscape that determine their required range shift to maintain similar climate, and likewise the migration capacity depends on habitat connectivity. Here, we demonstrate an approach to quantifying species vulnerabilities to climate change for 419 rare vascular plants in Alberta, Canada, based on a multivariate velocity of climate change metric, local habitat fragmentation, and migration capacity. Climate change velocities indicated that future migration requirements ranged from 1 to 5 km/year in topographically complex landscapes, such as the Alberta Foothills and Rocky Mountains. In contrast, migration requirements to maintain constant climate in relatively flat Boreal Plains, Parkland, and Grassland ranged from 4 to 8 km/year. Habitat fragmentation was also highest in these flat regions, particularly the Parkland Natural Region. Of the 419 rare vascular plants assessed, 36 were globally threatened (G1–G3 ranking). Three globally threatened species were ranked as extremely vulnerable and five species as highly vulnerable to the interactions among climate change velocity, habitat fragmentation, and migration capacity. Incorporating dispersal characteristics and habitat fragmentation with local patterns in climate change velocity improves the assessment of climate change threats to species and may be applied to guide monitoring efforts or conservation actions. 相似文献
39.
Andreas Hoy Om Katel Pankaj Thapa Ngawang Dendup Jörg Matschullat 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1401-1415
This paper contributes to an enhanced understanding of present climatic conditions, observed climate trends and regional climate vulnerability of the Bhutan Himalayas. Bhutan’s complex, often high-altitude terrain and the severe impact of the Indian summer monsoon leads to a strong exposure of the countries’ key economic sectors (agriculture, forestry, hydropower generation and tourism) to climatic changes. Climate change also threatens Bhutan’s vast biodiversity and increases the likelihood of natural hazards (e.g. glacier lake outburst floods, flash floods, droughts and forest fires). A better understanding of Bhutan’s climate and its variability, as well as observed and possible climate impacts, will help in improving the handling of regional social, economic and ecologic challenges not limited to the Himalayas. Only a few climatological studies exist for the eastern Himalayas. They mainly focus on adaptation to immediate threats by glacier lake outbursts. In contrast, this paper (1) investigates the average spatial and inner-annual diversity of the air temperature regime of Bhutan, based on local meteorological observations, (2) discusses past temperature variability, based on global datasets, and (3) relates effects of observed warming to water availability, hydropower development, natural hazards, forests, biodiversity, agriculture, human health and tourism in the Bhutan Himalayas. Results indicate a large spatial and temporal temperature variability within Bhutan and considerably increasing temperatures especially over recent decades. Implications of regional climatic changes on various socio-economic sectors and possible adaptation efforts are discussed. 相似文献
40.
S. Alvandi W. Li M. Schönemann C. Herrmann 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2016,9(6):354-362
Value stream mapping (VSM) is a well-accepted tool within lean manufacturing concept which is often used for analysing and designing the flow of materials and information required to manufacture a product. However, the analysis is static and single product oriented, which fails to cope with either the variation of production plan or a multi-product environment. In addition, the environmental impact of a manufacturing system is highly associated with the dynamic consumption of energy and resources. Despite the recent integration of VSM with simulation or environmental studies (in the domain of energy efficiency), still neglected is the dynamic assessment of all the resources involved in a multi-product production environment. This paper presents a methodology for modelling multi-product manufacturing systems with dynamic material, energy and information flows with the aim to generate economic and environmental value stream maps (E2VSM). The proposed methodology is validated with an industrial case. 相似文献