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271.
Simultaneous Measurements of Atmospheric Pollutants and Visibility with a Long-Path DOAS System in Urban Areas 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In this paper, the applicability of a Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) system was checked for the feasibility of the simultaneous measurement of trace gases (such as O3, NO2, SO2, and HCHO) and atmospheric visibility (light extinction by aerosols) in Asian urban areas. Field studies show that an LP-DOAS system can simultaneously measure the key pollutants (such as O3, NO2, SO2, and HCHO) at detection limits in the ppb/sub-ppb range as well as the Mie extinction coefficient with an uncertainty of 0.1 km–1 at time resolution of a few minutes. It is thus concluded that the use of LP-DOAS system is feasible for simultaneous measurement of gaseous pollutants as well as an atmospheric extinction coefficient which is tightly bound to fine particulate concentration. 相似文献
272.
Anastasios I. Stamou Kimon Hadjibiros Andreas Andreadakis Alexandra Katsiri 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(3):157-170
A water quality model (MERES) is applied in the multi-purpose reservoir of Plastiras in Greece. The model was calibrated with
limited field data using the standard trial and error procedure; next, it was applied for four scenarios of reservoir operation,
which correspond to four values of minimum water levels (MWL). Model results were combined with landscape aesthetics to establish
a “safe” MWL in the reservoir. MWL was proposed to be +784 m, a value that ensures a very good water quality by retaining
the reservoir in the status of “a little beyond oligotrophic” and a very good quality of landscape with an acceptable area
of dead zones; it also ensures an annual release of 127.5 hm3 of water within a reliability level of 90%. This quantity can be considered as acceptable from the water supply point of
view. 相似文献
273.
Ambient ammonia concentrations, mainly originating from agricultural activities, have increased in the last few decades in Europe. As a consequence, critical loads on oligotrophic ecosystems such as forests and mires are greatly exceeded. Monitoring of ambient ammonia concentrations is necessary in order to investigate source-receptor relationships. Measuring ambient ammonia concentrations continuously with high time resolution is very expensive and cost-efficient systems are required. Where time resolution is of minor importance, several cost-effective systems, mainly dry denuder and passive samplers, can be applied. In this paper the Zürcher passive sampler, a diffusive sampling system, is presented. It is a Palmes type sampler with an acidic solution as absorbent and is easy to handle. It was tested at 46 sites in Switzerland over one year. The average concentration in ambient air was 2.5 microg m(-3) +/- 0.4 microg m(-3). The average of the blank values were 0.21 microg m(-3). The detection limit (double the standard deviation of the blank values) was 0.36 microg m(-3). Three passive samplers were exposed at each site and each period. The mean standard deviation of these triplicate measurements was 9.5%. Compared with a discontinuous tubular denuder system and a continuous annular denuder system, the deviation was less than 10%. The Zürcher passive sampler is a useful and cost-efficient tool to determine long-term average ammonia concentrations (one- to four-week periods) in ambient air for mean concentrations above 1 microg m(-3). 相似文献
274.
Mazis Anastasios Litskas Vassilis D. Platis Dimitrios P. Menexes Georgios C. Anagnostopoulos Christos D. Tsaboula Aggeliki D. Mamolos Andreas P. Kalburtji Kiriaki L. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(23):29421-29431
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The development of agriculture is linked to energy resources. Consequently, energy analysis in agroecosystems could be a useful tool for monitoring... 相似文献
275.
Jan Christian Habel Andreas Segerer Werner Ulrich Olena Torchyk Wolfgang W. Weisser Thomas Schmitt 《Conservation biology》2016,30(4):754-762
Environmental changes strongly impact the distribution of species and subsequently the composition of species assemblages. Although most community ecology studies represent temporal snap shots, long‐term observations are rather rare. However, only such time series allow the identification of species composition shifts over several decades or even centuries. We analyzed changes in the species composition of a southeastern German butterfly and burnet moth community over nearly 2 centuries (1840–2013). We classified all species observed over this period according to their ecological tolerance, thereby assessing their degree of habitat specialisation. This classification was based on traits of the butterfly and burnet moth species and on their larval host plants. We collected data on temperature and precipitation for our study area over the same period. The number of species declined substantially from 1840 (117 species) to 2013 (71 species). The proportion of habitat specialists decreased, and most of these are currently endangered. In contrast, the proportion of habitat generalists increased. Species with restricted dispersal behavior and species in need of areas poor in soil nutrients had severe losses. Furthermore, our data indicated a decrease in species composition similarity between different decades over time. These data on species composition changes and the general trends of modifications may reflect effects from climate change and atmospheric nitrogen loads, as indicated by the ecological characteristics of host plant species and local changes in habitat configuration with increasing fragmentation. Our observation of major declines over time of currently threatened and protected species shows the importance of efficient conservation strategies. 相似文献
276.
Othman Alqaisi Torsten Hemme Uwe Latacz-Lohmann Andreas Susenbeth 《Sustainability Science》2014,9(3):361-377
Dairy feeding systems in many semi-arid countries are based on imported concentrates and forages. This has economic and ecological implications given the increase in global feed prices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use change. This paper aims to explore alternative dairy feeding systems under semi-arid conditions, using Jordan as an example. The feedings systems under investigation vary in their share of food industry by-products (replacing concentrates in the diet) and are compared against the current concentrate-based feeding systems. The systems are evaluated against three criteria: their nutritional value, their impact on the cost of milk production, and their GHG mitigation potential. Feed samples from eleven food industry by-products and ten conventional feeds were collected from food factories and from three typical dairy farms, representing the typical large-, medium- and small-scale farm types, respectively. Feed samples were analysed for their chemical composition and metabolisable energy contents. In addition, economic and production farm data were collected and entered into a model for GHGs calculation and economic evaluation. The results suggest that inclusion of locally available food industry by-products in the rations of milk cows in semi-arid production systems can be instrumental in reducing production costs and mitigating GHG emissions. Cost of milk production in the model farms can be lowered by up to 14 %; mitigation of CO2 eq. emission ranged between 70 and 290 g CO2 eq./kg milk. The degree to which these benefits can be reaped is positively related to the level of inclusion of by-product feeds in lactating cows’ diets. 相似文献
277.
Andreas Oberheitmann 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(2):137-168
Climate change is one of the most severe global problems in the 21st century. Main drivers are the combustion of fossil fuels,
the emissions of industrial gases, emissions from agricultural sites and animal husbandry as well as deforestation. A new
cooperative climate regime is necessary to meet the World’s energy and environmental problems against the background of China’s
and India’s energy consumption growth. For the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012, a successor regime
has to be agreed on. The current approaches, however, have a common weakness. They at the same time (a) do not acknowledge
the historical responsibilities of the industrialized countries for the historical greenhouse gas emissions and the responsibility
of developing countries for a large fraction of the current future emissions, and (b) do not provide for a fair distribution
of emission rights. Against this background, this article aims at forecasting China’s and India's CO2-emissions up to 2050 and developing a new suggestion for a post Kyoto climate regime based on a cumulated per capita CO2-emission rights taking the weaknesses of the currently discussed post Kyoto approaches into account. 相似文献
278.
Kerstin Hartsch Andreas Weller Silvia Rosas Gunter Reppchen 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(10):1213-1220
The Nasca geoglyphs in the stone desert in southern Peru are part of our world cultural heritage. These remarkable drawings have roused the interest of scientists from different disciplines. Here we report the results of integrated geophysical, petrophysical, mineralogical, and geochemical investigations of the geoglyphs at six test sites in the stone desert around Nasca and Palpa. The geomagnetic measurements revealed clear indications of subsurface structures that differ from the visible surface geoglyphs. The high-resolution geoelectrical images show unexpected resistivity anomalies underneath the geoglyphs down to a depth of about 2 m. Remarkable structures were revealed in both vertical and lateral directions. No evidence was found of geochemical or mineralogical alterations of the natural geogenic materials (desert pavement environment versus geoglyphs). Neither salts nor other mineral materials were used by the Nasca people to alter or prepare the surfaces of geoglyphs. This supports the hypothesis that the Nasca people simply removed stone material down to the natural hard pan horizon to create the geoglyphs. 相似文献
279.
Dimitrios Zekkos George A. Athanasopoulos Jonathan D. Bray Athena Grizi Andreas Theodoratos 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(8-9):1544-1555
Large direct shear testing (300 mm × 300 mm box) of municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from a landfill located in the San Francisco Bay area was performed to gain insight on the shear response of MSW. The study investigated the effects of waste composition, confining stress, unit weight, and loading rate on the stress–displacement response and shear strength of MSW. The amount and orientation of the fibrous waste materials in the MSW were found to play a critical role. The fibrous material had little effect on the MSW’s strength when it was oriented parallel to the shear surface, as is typically the case when waste material is compressed vertically and then tested in a direct shear apparatus. Tests in which the fibrous material was oriented perpendicular to the horizontal shear surface produced significantly stronger MSW specimens. The test results indicate that confining stress and loading rate are also important factors. Based on 109 large-scale direct shear tests, the shear strength of MSW at low moisture contents is best characterized by cohesion = 15 kPa, friction angle = 36° at a normal stress of 1 atmosphere, and a decrease in the friction angle of 5° for every log-cycle increase in normal stress. 相似文献
280.
Andreas J. Beyersdorf Donald R. Blake Aaron Swanson Simone Meinardi F.S. Rowland Douglas Davis 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(36):4565-4574
Multiyear (2000–2006) seasonal measurements of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, halogenated species, dimethyl sulfide, carbonyl sulfide and C1–C4 alkyl nitrates at the South Pole are presented for the first time. At the South Pole, short-lived species (such as the alkenes) typically were not observed above their limits of detection because of long transit times from source regions. Peak mixing ratios of the longer lived species with anthropogenic sources were measured in late winter (August and September) with decreasing mixing ratios throughout the spring. In comparison, compounds with a strong oceanic source, such as bromoform and methyl iodide, had peak mixing ratios earlier in the winter (June and July) because of decreased oceanic production during the winter months. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which is also oceanically emitted but has a short lifetime, was rarely measured above 5 pptv. This is in contrast to high DMS mixing ratios at coastal locations and shows the importance of photochemical removal during transport to the pole. Alkyl nitrate mixing ratios peaked during April and then decreased throughout the winter. The dominant source of the alkyl nitrates in the region is believed to be oceanic emissions rather than photochemical production due to low alkane levels.Sampling of other tropospheric environments via a Twin Otter aircraft included the west coast of the Ross Sea and large stretches of the Antarctic Plateau. In the coastal atmosphere, a vertical gradient was found with the highest mixing ratios of marine emitted compounds at low altitudes. Conversely, for anthropogenically produced species the highest mixing ratios were measured at the highest altitudes, suggesting long-range transport to the continent. Flights flown through the plume of Mount Erebus, an active volcano, revealed that both carbon monoxide and carbonyl sulfide are emitted with an OCS/CO molar ratio of 3.3 × 10?3 consistent with direct observations by other investigators within the crater rim. 相似文献