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761.
The gas phase atmospheric degradation of diazinon has been investigated at the large outdoor European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The rate constant for reaction of diazinon with OH radicals was measured using a conventional relative rate method with di-n-buthylether as reference compound being k = (3.5 ± 1.2) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 302 ± 10 K and atmospheric pressure. The available evidence indicates that tropospheric degradation of diazinon is mainly controlled by reaction with OH radicals, and that the tropospheric lifetime with respect to the OH reaction is estimated to be around 4 h whereas its lifetime with respect to the photolysis is higher than 1 d under our conditions. Significant aerosol formation was observed following the reaction of diazinon with OH radicals, and the main carbon-containing products detected in the particle phase were hydroxydiazinon, hydroxydiazoxon and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-pyrimidinyl-4-ol. 相似文献
762.
Kapusta P Szarek-Łukaszewska G Stefanowicz AM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(6):1516-1522
Effects of metal contamination on soil biota activity were investigated at 43 sites in 5 different habitats (defined by substratum and vegetation type) in a post-mining area. Sites were characterised in terms of soil pH and texture, nutrient status, total and exchangeable metal concentrations, as well as plant species richness and cover, abundances of enchytraeids, nematodes and tardigrades, and microbial respiration and biomass. The concentrations of total trace metals were highest in soils developed on mining waste (metal-rich dolomite), but these habitats were more attractive than sandy sites for plants and soil biota because of their higher content of organic matter, clay and nutrients. Soil mesofauna and microbes were strongly dependent on natural habitat properties. Pollution (exchangeable Zn and Cd) negatively affected only enchytraeid density; due to a positive relationship between enchytraeids and microbes it indirectly reduced microbial activity. 相似文献
763.
可见光活性纳米TiO2光催化涂料的抗菌性能研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于过渡金属离子掺杂技术,制备了在室内光辐照条件下具有良好光催化抗菌性能的可见光响应型铁掺杂TiO2光催化涂料。研究结果表明,在可见光活性光催化涂料中添加1%的纳米TiO2时,抗菌效果最好,光照24 h后对大肠杆菌、白色念珠球菌、黑曲霉的杀菌率分别达到99.9%、97.2%、82%。采用致孔剂聚乙二醇6 000对光催化剂改性后,能加快该涂料的抗菌性能,光照6 h后杀菌率就能达到99.9%。表明该涂料在室内可见光照射下具有较好的广谱抗菌效果,能抑制和杀灭多种微生物。 相似文献
764.
Bryszewska-Mazurek A Swieboda T Mazurek W 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(1):3-6
This paper presents the performance analysis of a power plant with the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The power plant is supplied by thermal energy utilized from a solar energy collector. R245fa was the working fluid in the thermodynamic cycle. The organic cycle with heat regeneration was built and tested experimentally. The ORC with a heat regenerator obtained the maximum thermodynamic efficiency of approximately 9%. 相似文献
765.
Falandysz J Frankowska A Jarzynska G Dryzałowska A Kojta AK Zhang D 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2011,46(3):231-246
This paper provides data on baseline concentrations, interrelationships and bioconcentration potential of 12 metallic elements by King Bolete collected from 11 spatially distant sites across Poland. There are significant differences in concentrations of metals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, Zn) and their bioconcentration potential in King Bolete Boletus edulis at 11 spatially distant sites surveyed across Poland. These have resulted from significant geographical differences in trace metal concentrations in a layer (0-10 cm) of organic and mineral soil underneath to fruiting bodies and possible local bioavailabilities of macro- (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and trace metals (Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr, Zn) to King Bolete. The use of highly appreciated wild-grown edible King Bolete mushroom has established a baseline measure of regional minerals status, heavy metals pollution and assessment of intake rates for wild mushroom dish fanciers against which future changes can be compared. Data on Cd, Cu and Zn from this study and from literature search can be useful to set the maximum limit of these metals in King Bolete collected from uncontaminated (background) areas. In this report also reviewed are data on Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn accumulation in King Bolete. 相似文献
766.
A loamy soil contaminated with 137CsCl 40 years ago was investigated by a sequential extraction technique to determine the effect of ageing on chemical availability
of 137Cs. The soil samples were sequentially extracted with H2O, NH4Ac, NH2OH·HCl, H2O2, and HNO3. Extractability of 137Cs decreased in the order: HNO3 > Residual > H2O2 > NH4Ac > NH2OH·HCl > H2O. Only 0.94% in labile fractions (H2O and NH4Ac), while more than 96% was found in the strongly bound fraction (HNO3 and residual). However, the activity percentage in labile fractions was increased to 1.34% after autoclaving treatment, while
those in the other fractions did not significantly differ. This indicates that the microbial activity played a role in the
137Cs retention. In the subsequent pot experiments with ryegrass and leek, specific activities in both plants were significantly
higher in autoclaved soil than in non-autoclaved soil, and uptake of 137Cs in the five cuts by ryegrass was 25% of the labile 137Cs in the soil. In addition, a positive correlation was found between the amount of 137Cs in labile fractions and that by plant uptake. 相似文献
767.
Lianou M Chalbot MC Kotronarou A Kavouras IG Karakatsani A Katsouyanni K Puustinnen A Hameri K Vallius M Pekkanen J Meddings C Harrison RM Thomas S Ayres JG Brink Ht Kos G Meliefste K de Hartog JJ Hoek G 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(12):1507-1517
The associations between residential outdoor and ambient particle mass, fine particle absorbance, particle number (PN) concentrations, and residential and traffic determinants were investigated in four European urban areas (Helsinki, Athens, Amsterdam, and Birmingham). A total of 152 nonsmoking participants with respiratory diseases, not exposed to occupational pollution, were included in the study, which comprised a 7-day intensive exposure monitoring period of both indoor and home outdoor particle mass and number concentrations. The same pollutants were also continuously measured at ambient fixed sites centrally located to the studied areas (fixed ambient sites). Relationships between concentrations measured directly outside the homes (residential outdoor) and at the fixed ambient sites were pollutant-specific, with substantial variations among the urban areas. Differences were more pronounced for coarse particles due to resuspension of road dust and PN, which is strongly related to traffic emissions. Less significant outdoor-to-fixed variation for particle mass was observed for Amsterdam and Birmingham, predominantly due to regional secondary aerosol. On the contrary, a strong spatial variation was observed for Athens and to a lesser extent for Helsinki. This was attributed to the overwhelming and time-varied inputs from traffic and other local sources. The location of the residence and traffic volume and distance to street and traffic light were important determinants of residential outdoor particle concentrations. On average, particle mass levels in suburban areas were less than 30% of those measured for residences located in the city center. Residences located less than 10 m from a street experienced 133% higher PN concentrations than residences located further away. Overall, the findings of this multi-city study, indicated that (1) spatial variation was larger for PN than for fine particulate matter (PM) mass and varied between the cities, (2) vehicular emissions in the residential street and location in the center of the city were significant predictors of spatial variation, and (3) the impact of traffic and location in the city was much larger for PN than for fine particle mass. 相似文献
768.
Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Phoenix, AZ, using positive matrix factorization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brown SG Frankel A Raffuse SM Roberts PT Hafner HR Anderson DJ 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(6):741-752
Speciated particulate matter (PM)2.5 data collected as part of the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program in Phoenix, AZ, from April 2001 through October 2003 were analyzed using the multivariate receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF). Over 250 samples and 24 species were used, including the organic carbon and elemental carbon analytical temperature fractions from the thermal optical reflectance method. A two-step approach was used. First, the species excluding the carbon fractions were used, and initially eight factors were identified; non-soil potassium was calculated and included to better refine the burning factor. Next, the mass associated with the burning factor was removed, and the data set rerun with the carbon fractions. Results were very similar (i.e., within a few percent), but this step enabled a separation of the mobile factor into gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions. The identified factors were burning (on average 2% of the mass), secondary transport (7%), regional power generation (13%), dust (25%), nitrate (9%), industrial As/Pb/Se (2%), Cu/Ni/V (7%), diesel (9%), and general mobile (26%). The overall contribution from mobile sources also increased, as some mass (OC and nitrate) from the nitrate and regional power generation factors were apportioned with the mobile factors. This approach allowed better apportionment of carbon as well as total mass. Additionally, the use of multiple supporting analyses, including air mass trajectories, activity trends, and emission inventory information, helped increase confidence in factor identification. 相似文献
769.
Buzcu-Guven B Brown SG Frankel A Hafner HR Roberts PT 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(5):606-619
Speciated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data collected as part of the Speciation Trends Network at four sites in the Midwest (Detroit, MI; Cincinnati, OH; Indianapolis, IN; and Northbrook, IL) and as part of the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments program at the rural Bondville, IL, site were analyzed to understand sources contributing to organic carbon (OC) and PM2.5 mass. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to available data collected from January 2002 through March 2005, and seven to nine factors were identified at each site. Common factors at all of the sites included mobile (gasoline)/secondary organic aerosols with high OC, diesel with a high elemental carbon/OC ratio (only at the urban sites), secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, soil, and biomass burning. Identified industrial factors included copper smelting (Northbrook, Indianapolis, and Bondville), steel/manufacturing with iron (Northbrook), industrial zinc (Northbrook, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and Detroit), metal plating with chromium and nickel (Detroit, Indianapolis, and Bondville), mixed industrial with copper and iron (Cincinnati), and limestone with calcium and iron (Bondville). PMF results, on average, accounted for 96% of the measured PM2.5 mass at each site; residuals were consistently within tolerance (+/-3), and goodness-of-fit (Q) was acceptable. Potential source contribution function analysis helped identify regional and local impacts of the identified source types. Secondary sulfate and soil factors showed regional characteristics at each site, whereas industrial sources typically appeared to be locally influenced. These regional factors contributed approximately one third of the total PM2.5 mass, on average, whereas local mobile and industrial sources contributed to the remaining mass. Mobile sources were a major contributor (55-76% at the urban sites) to OC mass, generally with at least twice as much mass from nondiesel sources as from diesel. Regional OC associated with secondary sulfate and soil was generally low. 相似文献
770.
Olsman Helena Schnrer Anna Bjrnfoth Heln van Bavel Bert Engwall Magnus 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):36-43