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471.
472.
Ardavan Mohajer Anne Trémier Suzelle Barrington José Martinez Cecile Teglia Marco Carone 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(8):2257-2264
The wide range of optimal values reported for the physical parameters of compost mixtures suggest that their interactive relationships should be investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the microbial O2 uptake rate (OUR) in 16 sludge waste recipes, offering a range of moisture content (MC), waste/bulking agent (W/BA) ratio and BA particle size levels determined using a central composite experimental design. The 3 kg samples were maintained at a constant temperature and aeration rate for 28 days, during which a respirometer recorded O2 uptake to provide a measure of microbial activity and biodegradability. The cumulative O2 consumption after 14 and 28 days was found to be significantly influenced by MC, W/BA ratio, BA particle size and the interaction between MC and W/BA ratio (p < 0.05). Using multivariate regression analysis, the experimental data was used to generate a model with good predictive ability for cumulative O2 consumption after 28 days as a function of the significant physical variables (R2 = 0.84). The prediction of O2 uptake by the model depended highly on the interaction between MC and W/BA ratio. A MC outside of the traditional 50–60% (wet basis) range still resulted in a high level of microbial O2 uptake as long as the W/BA ratio was adjusted to maintain a suitable O2 exchange in the sample. The evolution of OUR in the samples was also investigated, uncovering strong associations between short and long-term respirometric indices, such as peak OUR and cumulative O2 consumption (p < 0.005). Combining peak OUR data with cumulative O2 consumption after 14 days allowed for accurate predictions of cumulative O2 after 28 days of aeration (R2 = 0.96), implying that future studies need only run trials up to 14 days to evaluate the overall O2 consumption or biodegradability of similar sludge mixtures. 相似文献
473.
Anne Pedersen 《Waste management & research》2008,26(1):111-114
During 2006 the CDM market in Malaysia became established and by December 2007 a total of 20 Malaysian projects had registered with the CDM Executive Board. The Kyoto Protocol defines the Annex 1 countries, as countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the clean development mechanism (CDM) allows Annex 1 countries to develop projects, which contribute to emission reduction, in non-Annex 1 (developing) countries. Currently, two projects have been corrected due to request for review and there is one project for which review is requested. Two projects have been rejected by the Executive Board. The broad knowledge of CDM in Malaysia and the number of successful projects are partly due to the well-functioning CDM institutional framework in Malaysia. As an illustration this article focuses on a Malaysian-Danish project and describes the implementation of CDM in Malaysia and refers to this specific project. The project was registered with the CDM Executive Board in May 2007 and is a methane avoidance project in which methane is captured from a landfill and used to generate electricity. 相似文献
474.
The Peto test is the standard method of analysis used in carcinogenicity studies to compare tumor incidence in groups of animals. It assumes that tumors are either instantly fatal or have no effect on mortality and requires a judgement of the lethality of each tumor. To avoid this requirement, parametric multi-state models have been proposed. In addition these allow estimation of tumor onset and mortality rates. This paper considers two such models and presents a modification. It is shown that the modified models provide a better fit to carcinogenicity data and simulated data are used to show that the modified models provide a modest increase in test power relative to the Peto test. 相似文献
475.
476.
Ardavan Mohajer Anne Tremier Suzelle Barrington Cecile Teglia 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(8-9):1464-1471
Composting is a feasible biological treatment for the recycling of wastewater sludge as a soil amendment. The process can be optimized by selecting an initial compost recipe with physical properties that enhance microbial activity. The present study measured the microbial O2 uptake rate (OUR) in 16 sludge and wood residue mixtures to estimate the kinetics parameters of maximum growth rate μm and rate of organic matter hydrolysis Kh, as well as the initial biodegradable organic matter fractions present. The starting mixtures consisted of a wide range of moisture content (MC), waste to bulking agent (BA) ratio (W/BA ratio) and BA particle size, which were placed in a laboratory respirometry apparatus to measure their OUR over 4 weeks. A microbial model based on the activated sludge process was used to calculate the kinetic parameters and was found to adequately reproduced OUR curves over time, except for the lag phase and peak OUR, which was not represented and generally over-estimated, respectively. The maximum growth rate μm, was found to have a quadratic relationship with MC and a negative association with BA particle size. As a result, increasing MC up to 50% and using a smaller BA particle size of 8–12 mm was seen to maximize μm. The rate of hydrolysis Kh was found to have a linear association with both MC and BA particle size. The model also estimated the initial readily biodegradable organic matter fraction, MB0, and the slower biodegradable matter requiring hydrolysis, MH0. The sum of MB0 and MH0 was associated with MC, W/BA ratio and the interaction between these two parameters, suggesting that O2 availability was a key factor in determining the value of these two fractions. The study reinforced the idea that optimization of the physical characteristics of a compost mixture requires a holistic approach. 相似文献
477.
478.
Frøydis Gillund Anne Ingeborg Myhr 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):527-550
The future of salmon aquaculture depends on the adoption of alternative feed resources in order to reduce the need for fish
meal and fish oil. This may include resources such as species from lower trophic levels, by-products and by-catch from fisheries
and aquaculture, animal by-products, plants, genetically modified (GM) plants, nutritionally enhanced GM plants and products
from microorganisms and GM microorganisms. Here, we report on a deliberative assessment of these alternative feed resources,
involving 18 participants from different interest groups within Norwegian salmon aquaculture. The participants defined a broad
range of appraisal criteria concerning health and welfare issues, economical issues, environmental issues, and knowledge and
social issues. A number of uncertainties, in the form of incomplete knowledge, diverging opinions, and context specific factors
were identified when the participants evaluated the alternatives. Our findings support the need for more research on the suitability
of alternative feed resources for farmed salmon. Additionally, the study underlines the importance of facilitating deliberative
assessments in order to map the plurality of perspectives and explore qualitative aspects of uncertainty. Such initiatives
improve the information base upon which decisions on future feed resources for farmed salmon are made. 相似文献
479.
Leonardo Gucciardo Anne Uyttebroek Ivo De Wever Marleen Renard Filip Claus Roland Devlieger Liesbeth Lewi Luc De Catte Jan Deprest 《黑龙江环境通报》2011,31(7):678-688
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is one of the most common tumors in newborns with a birth prevalence of up to 1 in 21 700 births. Routine fetal anomaly screening programs allow for prenatal diagnosis in many cases. Fetal ultrasound with Doppler evaluation and more recently magnetic resonance imaging may be used to document the extent of the tumor as well as identifying the population at risk for serious fetal complications. Rapidly growing SCT and highly vascularized tumors are more likely to have hemodynamic repercussions. Fetal hydrops is usually considered as a poor prognostic marker and a potential indicator for fetal intervention. Newborns with SCT require stabilization prior to early surgical resection. In case of malignancy additional chemotherapy may be required. SCT may result in significant morbidity, either directly or as a consequence of surgical therapy. Careful postnatal follow-up is required for timely identification and treatment of complications as well as recurrence. This paper aims to review the perinatal management of this condition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
480.
PD Dr. Rolf Altenburger Dr. Dana Kühnel Martin Bittens Dr. Birgit Daus Dr. Werner Brack Dr. Florian Centler Prof. Dr. Hauke Harms Dr. Martin Thullner Dr. Lukas Y. Wick Prof. Dr. Kai-Uwe Goss Prof. Dr. Frank-Dieter Kopinke Dr. Katrin Mackenzie Dr. Anja Miltner PD Dr. Matthias Liess Dr. Rainer Wennrich Dr. Anne E. Berns PD Dr. Peter Burauel 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2010,22(4):502-506