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641.
Marsh surface sediment deposition and the role of tidal creeks: Implications for created and managed coastal marshes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Denise J. Reed Thomas Spencer Anne L. Murray Jonathan R. French Lynn Leonard 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(1):81-90
The need to understand the processes contributing to marsh sedimentation has become more urgent with the recent recognition
of the role of tidal marshes as sea defences, as well as the many restoration efforts currently under way. This study was
designed to build upon previous sedimentation work at Scolt Head Island by Combining techniques for measuring short-term sedimentation,
with detailed assessment of hydroperiod, previously used only in comparison with longer-term accretion measurements or in
micro-tidal systems. Measurements of water level, sediment deposition (at various distances from the creek margin) and suspended
sediment concentration (SSC) (creek margin and an interior site) were made at Hut Marsh over three sequential over-marsh tides
during May 1994. Sediment trap data show a significant trend of declining sediment deposition away from the creek when data
from all three tides are combined. All tides show higher SSC on the flood tide than on the ebb tide at the creek margin location.
There is little difference in flood and ebb SSCs at the interior site. An order of magnitude decrease in sediment deposition
within 20 m on the creek shows the rapidity with which sediment is deposited on these marshes. Higher tides influence both
the magnitude and pattern of marsh surface sediment deposition. Increased creek velocities on higher tides provide more potential
for resuspension within the creek and increase the supply of sediment to the marsh surface. This study suggests that the design
of tidal creeks may be essential for the development of sustainable coastal marshes in restoration projects. 相似文献
642.
A class of catch-effort models, which allows for heterogeneous removal probabilities, is proposed for closed populations. The model includes three types of removal probabilities: multiplicative, Poisson and logistic. The usual removal and generalized removal models then become special cases. The equivalence of the proposed model and a special type of capture-recapture model is discussed. A unified estimating function approach is used to estimate the initial population size. For the homogeneous model, the resulting population size estimator based on optimal estimating functions is asymptotically equivalent to the maximum likelihood estimator. One advantage for our approach is that it can be extended to handle the heterogeneous populations in which the maximum likelihood estimators do not exist. The bootstrap method is applied to construct variance estimators and confidence intervals. We illustrate the method by two real data examples. Results of a simulation study investigating the performance of the proposed estimation procedure are presented. 相似文献
643.
Caveats to quantifying ecosystem services: fruit abortion blurs benefits from crop pollination. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Merijn M Bos Dorthe Veddeler Anne K Bogdanski Alexandra-Maria Klein Teja Tscharntke Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter Jason M Tylianakis 《Ecological applications》2007,17(6):1841-1849
The recent trend to place monetary values on ecosystem services has led to studies on the economic importance of pollinators for agricultural crops. Several recent studies indicate regional, long-term pollinator declines, and economic consequences have been derived from declining pollination efficiencies. However, use of pollinator services as economic incentives for conservation must consider environmental factors such as drought, pests, and diseases, which can also limit yields. Moreover, "flower excess" is a well-known reproductive strategy of plants as insurance against unpredictable, external factors that limit reproduction. With three case studies on the importance of pollination levels for amounts of harvested fruits of three tropical crops (passion fruit in Brazil, coffee in Ecuador, and cacao in Indonesia) we illustrate how reproductive strategies and environmental stress can obscure initial benefits from improved pollination. By interpreting these results with findings from evolutionary sciences, agronomy, and studies on wild-plant populations, we argue that studies on economic benefits from pollinators should include the total of ecosystem processes that (1) lead to successful pollination and (2) mobilize nutrients and improve plant quality to the extent that crop yields indeed benefit from enhanced pollinator services. Conservation incentives that use quantifications of nature's services to human welfare will benefit from approaches at the ecosystem level that take into account the broad spectrum of biological processes that limit or deliver the service. 相似文献
644.
We investigated the long-standing premise in behavioral ecology that the environment affects behavior and demography. We
did this by evaluating the extent to which year-to-year variability in the behavioral ecology of a nonhuman primate population
could be modeled from meteorological patterns. Data on activity profiles and home range use for baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli, Kenya, were obtained over a 10-year period for three social groups: two completely wild-foraging ones, and
a third that supplemented its diet with refuse from a nearby tourist lodge. The relationships across years among activity
budgeting, travel distance, group size, and measures of temperature and rainfall patterns differed among the social groups.
Although meteorological variation generally correlated with behavioral variation in the completely wild-foraging groups, different
weather variables and direction of relationships resulted for each group. In addition, different relationships among variables
were found before and after home-range shifts. The food-enhanced group spent half as much time foraging as did the other groups
and therefore could be used to evaluate the relative extent to which foraging time was a limiting factor for resting and social
time. Under their relaxed ecological conditions, the food-enhanced animals increased resting time much more than social time.
These findings, combined with supplementary information on the population, lead us to suggest that baboons use a suite of
interrelated responses to ecological variability that includes not only changes in activity budgets, but also home-range shifts,
changes in the length of the active period, and changes in group size through fissions. Moreover, our results imply that group
differences as well as interpopulational and interspecific differences in behavioral ecology provide significant sources of
variability. Therefore, social groups rather than populations may be the appropriate unit of analysis for understanding the
behavioral ecology of baboons and other highly social primates. The different patterns we observed among groups may have fitness
consequences for the individuals in those groups and thereby affect population structure over time.
Received: 18 February 1995/Accepted after revision: 6 January 1996 相似文献
645.
Variation in sediment metal concentrations in the River Avoca, which is severely polluted by acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the abandoned sulphur and copper mines in Avoca, is reported. A survey of surface and subsurface sediments was repeated after seven years during exceptionally low flow conditions in 2001. The present study found that the reference (up-stream) site used in the original 1994 study was itself impacted by AMD, showing sediment metal enrichment by AMD to be greater than originally thought. The new reference site contained elevated Pb (570 µg g–1) in the subsurface sediment due to abandoned Pb-Zn mines 25 km further upstream. Concentrations of Cu (43 µg g–1), Zn (349 µg g–1) and Fe (4.0%) were normal for uncontaminated rivers. All the downstream sites showed sediment metal enrichment arising from the AMD (Cu and Zn p < 0.001; Fe p < 0.01). Subsurface concentrations of metals immediately below the mixing zone were Cu 904 µg g–1 (sd 335), Zn 723 µg g–1 (sd 93), Fe 6.3% (sd 1.5) and Pb 463 µg g–1 (sd 279). Monthly variation in metal concentrations at sites was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Although surface sediment metal concentrations were more variable, they followed similar trends to subsurface sediment. There were no significant differences in the subsurface sediment concentrations for either Cu or Zn over the period 1994 and 2001 immediately below the mines, although at the lowest site Zn had decreased by 35% over the period (p < 0.01). However there was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease over the period in the Fe concentration at all the impacted sites. This corresponds to a reduction in Fe concentration in the AMD and indicates that some remediation has occurred in the river since 1994. 相似文献
646.
Karen Chong Sarah Keating Stephanie Hurst Anne Summers Howard Berger Gareth Seaward Nicole Martin Tami Friedberg David Chitayat 《黑龙江环境通报》2009,29(5):489-494
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by somatic defects and mental retardation. Prenatal diagnosis of this severe condition is difficult in view of the non-specific ultrasound abnormalities. We report three cases with prenatally suspected CdLS based on the ultrasound findings as well as low PAPP-A detected on first trimester screening in one case, and the results of the autopsy and the NIPBL gene mutation analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
647.
Using diatoms to assess the impacts of prehistoric, pre-industrial and modern land-use on Danish lakes 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Emily G. Bradshaw Anne Birgitte Nielsen N. John Anderson 《Regional Environmental Change》2006,6(1-2):17-24
The impact of contemporary agriculture on Danish lakes is acknowledged to be extreme. In particular, high loading of nutrients
from agricultural soils contributes to the eutrophic conditions found in many of Denmark’s lakes. Palaeolimnological studies
have shown that human disturbance of the Danish landscape since the introduction of agriculture around 6,000 years ago has
had a major impact on lake ecosystems. The European Union’s Water Framework Directive requires an evaluation of reference
conditions for lakes, the conditions expected with only minimal human impact. Monitoring data and palaeolimnological studies
of Danish lakes demonstrate that many of the most detrimental effects of eutrophication have been experienced in recent decades.
A new study has suggested that the reference status for Danish lakes may be set to the status in ad 1850–1900, probably providing attainable, realistic restoration targets for many sites. The aims of this study were to explore
the impacts of past and contemporary land-use on Danish lakes, and to consider how appropriate the use of 1850 as a date to
define reference status is for these sites. Catchment land-cover data for ad 1800, taken from historical maps, and sedimentary diatom assemblages of the same age, from dated sediment cores, were used
to assess the impact of pre-industrial land-use on 20 Danish lakes. Analysis of contemporary land-cover data and surface-sediment
diatom assemblages for the 20 sites was also made. In-lake total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were estimated using the sedimentary
diatom assemblages and an existing calibration dataset for Danish lakes. The percentage of the lake catchment that was agricultural
land in ad 1800 explained 8.8% of the total variation in the diatom data. The land-cover variables ‘built-up areas’ and ‘plantations’,
together explained 16.9% of the variation in the diatom data for the modern samples. Diatom-inferred TP concentrations were
high for both ad 1800 (mean 112 μg TP L−1) and the present (mean 122 μg TP L−1), the latter estimates reflecting efforts in recent decades to reduce nutrient loading to Danish lakes following very high
levels of nutrient enrichment post-1950. The data presented highlight the impact that human activities 200 years ago, particularly
agriculture, had on Danish lake systems. The long cultural history and major anthropogenic disturbance of the Danish landscape
mean that true reference conditions for lakes (or ‘baseline’ conditions, those found prior to human impacts) can be found
only by considering century to millennial timescales. 相似文献
648.
649.
650.
Anne Calmon F. Silvestre Véronique Bellon-Maurel Jean-Michel Roger Pierre Feuilloley 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1999,7(3):135-144
In the present project, twenty materials (e.g., polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate, polycaprolactone, cellulose acetate, polyacticacid, polyethylene), representing varied biodegradability levels were studied. An aerobic respirometric test, based on the CEN Draft, was setup. The biodegradability of each plastic film was evaluated by measuring the percentage of carbon converted into CO2 during 35 days. The values of the CO2 production were plotted versus days as a cumulative function. In order to reduce its number of points, the cumulative curve was modeled using a sigmoïd function (Hill sigmoïd). This model was compared to one found in the literature. A
i
2
test showed that the biodegradation curve was more accurately fitted with the model than the previous one. Three kinetic parameters were determined by this Hill model: one represents the maximal percentage of carbon converted into CO2, the second the half-life time in days of the degrading part of the material and the third one the curve radius.In addition, the following analyses were carried out on each sample: elemental analysis, thickness, hydrophobicity and surface free energy measurements. In order to compress the information and to keep only relevant pieces, these parameters were submitted to a Principal Component Analysis. PCA found linear combinations of variables that describe major trends in the data. The two principal components which separate groups of materials were closely related to a chemical and a physical axis respectively. Materials showing a high biodegradability were related to high oxygen (and nitrogen) contents and low hydrophobicity: Material thickness did not influence the likeliness to biodegradability described by the maximum biodegradation rate. Finally, this study established the correlation between the biodegradation and the structure of biopolymers. 相似文献