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31.
To meet the increasing need for practical life-cycle thinking in manufacturing, this paper proposes a method that includes the life-cycle perspective in manufacturing decision making. This method combines discrete-event simulation (DES) – commonly used for the conceptual evaluation of manufacturing systems – with life-cycle assessment (LCA). This combination captures the dynamic interrelationships between manufacturing processes in order to analyse systemic responses to configuration changes, something static LCA modelling cannot do. The method evolved when a bearing production line at SKF was being examined to relate manufacturing decision making to environmental consequences. This was done using DES to investigate how parameters normally used to optimize traditional manufacturing system performance influence energy use and material losses in manufacturing systems. The environmental consequences of this material loss and energy use are further calculated using LCA methodology. Results indicate that while the combination of the two methods increases the data collection workload, it uncovers previously hidden environmental consequences of manufacturing decision making and introduces a way to assess an industrial actor’s manufacturing system using relevant LCA scenarios. 相似文献
32.
David A. Tillman W. Randall Seeker David W. Pershing Katherine DiAntonio 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1991,1(3):251-273
The Bog Creek Farm CERCLA (Superfund) site in Howell Township, New Jersey, was extensively contaminated, allegedly with wastes from paint manufacturing. The site contained two types of incinerable wastes: contaminated soils and sediments. A remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) was conducted, leading to a recommendation to treat the most contaminated areas by incineration. This recommendation was converted into the selected approach through the Record of Decision (ROD) mechanism. Contaminants at the Bog Creek Farm site included a wide range of volatiles, semivolatiles, and heavy metals. The incineration approach chosen, therefore, had to remove the organics from the soil without creating additional problems associated with heavy metals emissions. In order to evaluate the incineration problem and develop an advisory conceptual design for its solution, Ebasco Services Incorporated performed extensive characterizations of the material. Such characterizations included performing proximate and ultimate analyses and determining other key physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of the soils and sludges. Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) then performed treatability studies in its rotary kiln test incinerator. These treatability studies focused upon the rotary kiln, and the environment required for cleaning the soil. They assumed that contaminants in the vapor phase could be destroyed in the afterburner. Tests were conducted at bed temperatures of 1,000°F, 1,460°F, and 1,800°F. Samples were drawn from the kiln at intermediate times. Combustion regimes were therefore constructed for the treatment of Bog Creek Farm wastes, maximizing organic removal while managing the heavy metals problem. Ebasco then converted the results of the incinerability or treatability studies into an advisory conceptual design. This advisory conceptual design called for a kiln temperature of 1,600°F (bed temperature of 1,200°F) and a solids residence time in the kiln of 40 minutes. Additional data indicated that the afterburner could operate at 1,800°F in order to ensure destruction of the POHCs. Combustion chemistry fundamentals demonstrated that the minimum afterburner temperature required was 1,650°F. Ebasco converted this conceptual design into a performance specification to be used in the bid process, under the management of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The remediation was then put out to bid. Chemical Waste Management was the successful bidder. The incineration was successfully completed by August 1990; the system was then demobilized, as the site was remediated. 相似文献
33.
PROBLEM: A number of structural and organizational changes have occurred recently within the New Zealand Forestry Industry, with concerns being raised about the impact of these changes on the forestry worker in terms of fatigue, sleepiness, and compromised safety. This study explored the relationship of fatigue, and some of its key determinants, with accidents and injuries in a group of forestry industry workers in New Zealand. METHOD: A total of 367 forestry workers responded to a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Fatigue was found to be commonly experienced at work in the forest, with 78% of workers reporting that they experienced fatigue at least "sometimes." This study found that certain groups of workers reported long working hours, reduced sleep, compromised recovery time, and intensely paced work. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that recent sleep, number of breaks taken during the workday, and specific job/tasks were independently associated with reporting of high fatigue levels at work. Near-miss injury events were significantly more common among those reporting a high level of fatigue at work. Accidents and lost-time injury were associated with length of time at work, ethnicity, and having had near-miss injury events. DISCUSSION: Together, these results suggest that fatigue and aspects of work organization, which are likely to be fatiguing, may be associated with compromised safety for forest workers. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: With an already slim margin of error present in forest operations, an impairment due to increased fatigue may constitute a significant risk factor for accidents and injuries in this workforce. The results indicate the need for further examination of shift and workload management among forestry workers, as well as a role for improving industry awareness about the causes and consequences of fatigue. 相似文献
34.
In understanding the safety climate or culture of a workplace, the perceptions and attitudes of the workforce are important factors in assessing safety needs. Safety solutions may fail if they do not take into account these prevailing attitudes and perceptions. Also, changes in attitudes and perceptions about safety are often likely outcomes of safety interventions. The aim of this study was to develop a measure of perception and attitudes about safety as an indicator of safety culture for use with working populations. After reviewing the structure and content of a number of older, related measures of safety attitudes, a 67-item questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was distributed in a self-administered form to 1560 workers in a wide variety of types of jobs and 660 questionnaires were returned from 7 workplaces with a response rate of 42%. Items were evaluated by Cronbach alpha which showed that the item set shared considerable common variance. Scale development was approached in two ways. First items which were highly skewed were removed, resulting in removal of around half of the items, with very little loss in alpha. The remaining items were then subjected to factor analysis which revealed five factors; personal motivation for safe behaviour, positive safety practice, risk justification, fatalism and optimism. This factor structure showed acceptable psychometric properties. Second, in an effort to produce a unidimensional scale with a small, but representative set of items, additional items were removed which had high correlation with other items. This resulted in loss of around half of the remaining items. The short scale contained 17 items with again overall acceptable psychometric properties. The most striking finding in the development of this questionnaire was that there was little variation between respondents on a very large proportion of the questions originally selected. Clearly there are well-known beliefs about safety in the working community which need to be understood in order to progress the concept of safety culture. 相似文献
35.
Variations in the birth sex ratio and neonatal mortality in a natural herd of horses 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anne-Marie Monard Patrick Duncan Hervé Fritz Claudia Feh 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(4):243-249
Variations in birth sex ratios and sex differences in juvenile mortality occur in a number of mammalian species, and in many
cases have been linked to resource availability. Most of these biases in offspring sex ratios concern polygynous species with
pronounced sexual dimorphism, and where females only are philopatric. Data on species with unusual life-history strategies,
such as slight sexual dimorphism or dispersal by both sexes, are of particular interest. In this study of a natural herd of
horses (Equus caballus) which experienced an eruptive cycle, and therefore a period of nutritional stress, male offspring had higher neonatal mortality
rates in nutritionally poor years than in good ones, whereas “year quality” had no effect on the mortality of female offspring;
year quality could therefore be used by mares as predictor of sex-specific offspring survival. We show that the environmental
conditions that predicted lower survival of males were negatively related to their production: the birth sex ratio the following
year was female-biased; and mares were less likely to produce a son when they had produced a son the preceding year. There
was no significant effect of mother's parity, age or rank, or the timing of conception or birth on offspring sex ratios. The
mechanism leading to biases in the birth sex ratio could have been the loss of male embryos by mares that did not foal. As
there was no evidence for selective abortion of male foetuses in females that did foal the next year, it is not necessary
to invoke maternal adjustment, though this remains a possibility. Finally, there was a suggestion that male offspring were
more costly to raise than females, since mothers that reared a son in poor years tended to experience an increase in the interbirth
interval between their two subsequent offspring.
Received: 28 December 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 July 1997 相似文献
36.
Hecker Markus Hollert Henner Cooper Ralph Vinggaard Anne-Marie Akahori Yumi Murphy Margaret Nellemann Christine Higley Eric Newsted John Wu Rudolph Lam Paul Laskey John Buckalew Angela Grund Stefanie Nakai Makoto Timm Gary Giesy John 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):23-30
Background, Goals and Scope In response to concerns that have been raised about chemical substances that may alter the function of endocrine systems and
result in adverse effects on human health, an OECD initiative was undertaken to develop and validate in vitro and in vivo assays to identify chemicals that may interfere with endocrine systems of vertebrates. Here we report on studies that were
conducted to develop and standardize a cell-based screening assay using the H295R cell line to prioritize chemicals that may
act on steroidogenic processes in humans and wildlife. These studies are currently ongoing as part of the ‘Special Activity
on the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors’ within the OECD Test Guidelines Program to review, develop, standardize,
and validate a number of in vitro and in vivo toxicological assays for testing and assessment of chemicals concerning their potential to interact with the endocrine system
of vertebrates.
Study Design Six laboratories from five countries participated in the pre-validation studies. Each laboratory tested the effects of three
model chemicals on the production of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) using the H295R Steroidogenesis Assay. Chemicals
tested were well described inducers or inhibitors of steroidogenic pathways (forskolin, prochloraz and fadrozole). All experiments
were conducted in 24 well plates following standard protocols. Six different doses per compound were analyzed in triplicate
per plate. A quality control (QC) plate was run in conjunction with the chemical exposure plate to account for inter-assay
variation. Each chemical exposure was conducted two or three times.
Results All laboratories successfully detected increases and/or decreases in hormone production by H295R cells after exposure to the
different model compounds and there was good agreement in the pattern of response for all groups. Forskolin increased both
T and E2 while fadrozole and prochloraz decreased production of both hormones. All chemicals affected hormone production in
a dose-dependent manner with the exception of fadrozole which caused maximum inhibition of E2 at the two least concentrations
tested. Some inter-laboratory differences were noted in the alteration of hormone production measured in chemically exposed
cells. However, with the exception of the production of T measured at one laboratory in cells exposed to forskolin, the EC50s calculated were comparable (coefficients of variation 34–49%) for all hormones.
Discussion and Perspectives The results indicated that the H295R Steroidogenesis Assay protocol was robust, transferable and reproducible among all laboratories.
However, in several instances that were primarily related to one laboratory there were unexplained minor uncertainties related
to the inter-laboratory hormone production variation. Based on the findings from this Phase 2 prevalidation study, the H295R
Steroidogenesis Assay protocol is currently being refined. The next phase of the OECD validation program will test the refined
protocol among the same group of laboratories using an extended set of chemicals (∼30) that will include positive and negative
chemical controls as well as a broad spectrum of different potential inducers and inhibitors of steroidogenic pathways.
Submission Editor: Dr. Carsten Brühl (bruehl@uni-landau.de) 相似文献
37.
To determine if an aquifer contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has potential for natural remediation, all natural processes affecting the fate and transport of VOCs in the subsurface must be identified and quantified. This research addresses the quantification of air-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leaving the unsaturated zone soil gas and entering the atmosphere-including the additional flux provided by advective soil-gas movement induced by barometric pumping. A simple and easy-to-use device for measuring VOC flux under natural conditions is presented. The vertical flux chamber (VFC) was designed using numerical simulations and evaluated in the laboratory. Mass-balance numerical simulations based on continuously stirred tank reactor equations (CSTR) provided information on flux measurement performance of several sampling configurations with the final chamber configuration measuring greater than 96% of model-simulated fluxes. A laboratory device was constructed to evaluate the flux chamber under both diffusion-only and advection-plus-diffusion transport conditions. The flux chamber measured an average of 82% of 15 diffusion-only fluxes and an average of 95% of 15 additional advection-plus-diffusion flux experiments. The vertical flux chamber has the capability of providing reliable measurement of VOC flux from the unsaturated zone under both diffusion and advection transport conditions. 相似文献
38.
Monoterpenes are C10H(n)O(n') compounds of natural origin and are potentially environmentally safe substitutes for traditional pesticides. Still, an assessment of their environmental behaviour is required. As a first step in a theoretical study focussing on monoterpenes applied as pesticides to terrestrial environments, soil fate model input-parameters were determined for 20 monoterpenes with widely different structural characteristics. Input-parameters are the water solubility (S(W)), vapour pressure (P), n-octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)), atmospheric air and bulk water diffusion coefficients (D(A)air and D(W)water), first order biodegradation rate constants (k), and their temperature dependence. Values for these parameters were estimated or taken from previous experimental work. The quality of the estimations was discussed by focussing on their statistics and by comparison with available experimental data. From these properties, the air-water partition coefficient (K(AW), Henry's Law constant), the interface-water partition coefficient (K(IW)) and the organic matter-water partition coefficient (K(OM)) could be estimated with varying levels of accuracy. In general, little experimental data turned out to be available on biodegradation rate constants and on the temperature dependence of physico-chemical parameters. 相似文献
39.
Allan IJ Knutsson J Guigues N Mills GA Fouillac AM Greenwood R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(7):672-681
Passive sampling devices accumulate chemicals continuously from water and can provide time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of pollutants over the exposure period. Hence, they offer a number of advantages over other conventional monitoring techniques such as spot or grab sampling. The diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) and the Chemcatcher passive samplers can be used to provide TWA concentrations of labile metals, but the approaches to their calibration differ. DGT uses diffusion coefficients of metals in the hydrogel layer, whereas Chemcatcher uses metal specific uptake rates, with both sets of values obtained under controlled laboratory conditions with constant aqueous metal concentrations. However, little is known of how such samplers respond to fluctuating concentrations. We evaluated the responsiveness of these two passive sampling devices to rapidly changing concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in natural freshwater, over a relatively short deployment time. Maximum metal concentrations in water were varied between 70 and 140 microg L(-1). Experiments were carried out in a tank with a rotating carousel system and filled with Meuse river water, allowing a degree of control over experimental conditions while using natural river water. Fluctuating concentrations were obtained by stepwise addition of standard solutions of the metals. The reliability and accuracy of the TWA concentrations measured by the samplers were assessed by comparison with concentrations of the metals in spot samples of water taken regularly over the deployment period. The spot samples of water were either unfiltered (total), filtered (0.45 microm) or ultrafiltered (5 kDa). Predictive speciation modelling using the visual MINTEQ programme was also undertaken. There was reasonable agreement between the TWA concentrations of Cd and Ni obtained with Chemcatcher and DGT and the total Cd and Ni concentrations measured in repeated unfiltered spot samples. For elements (i.e. Cu, Pb, Zn) that associate to a significant degree with suspended solids, colloids or dissolved organic carbon, or form complexes with large organic ligands, optimum agreement was with the filtered or ultrafiltered fractions and with the predicted inorganic and inorganic-fulvic acid associated fractions. While Chemcatcher-based TWA concentration ranges for Cu and Zn were in best agreement with the total filtered fraction, there was lack of agreement for Pb. The combined use of DGT devices with open pore (OP) and restricted pore (RP) gels allowed the labile fraction of metal associated with large organic ligands or DOC to be differentiated and quantified, since this is available to DGT OP but unable to diffuse into the DGT RP. This evaluation of the two sampling devices clearly demonstrated their ability to react reliably to transient peaks in concentration of metal pollutants in water and indicated where future efforts are needed to improve calibration data. Such samplers may prove valuable in responding to the monitoring requirements of the European Union's Water Framework Directive. 相似文献
40.
Manoharan V Loganathan P Tillman RW Parfitt RL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(3):778-786
A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if concentrations of fluoride (F), which would be added to acid soils via P fertilisers, were detrimental to barley root growth. Increasing rates of F additions to soil significantly increased the soil solution concentrations of aluminium (Al) and F irrespective of the initial adjusted soil pH, which ranged from 4.25 to 5.48. High rates of F addition severely restricted root growth; the effect was more pronounced in the strongly acidic soil. Speciation calculations demonstrated that increasing rates of F additions substantially increased the concentrations of Al-F complexes in the soil. Stepwise regression analysis showed that it was the combination of the activities of AlF2(1+) and AlF(2+) complexes that primarily controlled barley root growth. The results suggested that continuous input of F to soils, and increased soil acidification, may become an F risk issue in the future. 相似文献