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Giant clams form a symbiosis with photosynthetic algae of the genus Symbiodinium that reside in clam mantle tissue. The allometry of symbiont photosynthetic performance was investigated as a mechanism for
the increasing percentage of giant clam carbon respiratory requirements provided by symbionts as clam size increases. Chlorophyll
fluorescence measurements of symbionts of the giant clam Tridacna maxima were measured during experiments conducted in September of 2009 using specimens 0.5–200 g tissue wet weight (3–25 cm long),
collected from waters around southern Taiwan (N 21°36′, E 120°47′) from July to August of 2009. Light-dependent decreases
in effective quantum yield (∆F/F
m′) calculated as the noontime maximum excitation pressure over PSII (Q
m), relative electron transport rates (rETR), and dark-adapted maximum quantum yield (F
v/F
m) all varied as a quadratic function of clam size. Both Q
m and rETR increased as clam size increased up to ~10–50 g then decreased as clam size increased. F
v/F
m decreased as clam size increased up to ~5–50 g then increased as clam size increased. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements
of rETR were positively correlated with gross primary production measured during chamber incubations. Overall, symbionts of
mid-sized clams ~5–50 g exhibited the highest light-dependent decreases in effective photosynthetic efficiencies, the highest
relative electron transport rates, and the lowest maximum photosynthetic efficiencies, and symbiont photosynthetic performance
is allometric with respect to host clam size. 相似文献
44.
Elyse Y. Bissonnette Léa-Isabelle Proulx Annie Spahr Marie France Janelle Stéphane Dupuis 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):705-717
Tobacco smoke is a major factor responsible for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although the best solution to reduce the incidence of these diseases is to quit smoking, there are still a large number of smokers. Thus, given the immunoregulatory properties of plant extracts, their capacity to reduce tobacco smoke harmful effects on alveolar macrophage (AM) functions was investigated. AM were treated with tobacco smoke extract and parenchymata tissue extract (PTE), or mesophyll cell extract (MCE) of Spinacia oleacea. The effects of tobacco smoke extract from PTE and MCE-treated cigarette filters were also investigated. AM production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and AM cytotoxicity were measured. Tobacco smoke extract significantly inhibited TNF, IL-10, and MCP-1 release, and AM cytotoxicity. The addition of PTE and MCE to tobacco smoke extract abrogated the inhibition of AM mediator release. However, only MCE restored AM cytotoxicity. Interestingly, tobacco smoke extract of PTE and MCE-treated cigarette filters showed reduced effects on AM functions. Tobacco smoke extract from MCE-treated (0.25%) cigarette filters did not inhibit TNF, IL-10, and MCP-1 release in contrast to tobacco smoke extract from buffer-treated cigarette filters. AM cytotoxic activity was not inhibited by the treatment with tobacco smoke extract from MCE-treated cigarette filters. Our data suggest that the presence of plant extract in cigarette filters reduces the inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke on AM functions. Thus, MCE-treated cigarette filters may help reducing lung diseases associated with smoking. 相似文献
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Maria Helena Guimarães Annie McKee Maria Luísa Lima Lia Vasconcelos Tomasz Boski Tomaz Dentinho 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(10):1827-1852
The definition of management actions in natural resource management requires the integration of all types of knowledge involved. An appropriate approach for such a challenge is the ideal of transdisciplinarity. A transdisciplinary process can be considered “consultative” when knowledge is simply gathered and collated, or “participatory” when knowledge integration is undertaken collectively. In this paper, we present a mixed mode procedure (i.e., using interviews, questionnaires, and group discussions) that empirically demonstrates the difference between consultative and participatory transdisciplinary processes. The mixed mode procedure is used for identifying the most relevant problems occurring in the coastal system of Praia da Vitória bay, Azores, Portugal. This mixed mode procedure is likely to be useful for other studies, because the results highlight the need to promote face-to-face interaction at the earliest opportunity, and because it allows an understanding to be gained of social learning processes, the influence of power, and participant behaviour during interaction with others. 相似文献
48.
Rosalinda Gioia Abidemi James Akindele Sunday Adekunle Adebusoye Kwadwo Ansong Asante Shinsuke Tanabe Alfons Buekens Annie J. Sasco 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(10):6278-6289
Several studies have shown an increase in PCB sources in Africa due to leakage and wrongly disposed transformers, continuing import of e-waste from countries of the North, shipwreck, and biomass burning. Techniques used in the recycling of waste such as melting and open burning to recover precious metals make PCBs contained in waste and other semivolatile organic substances prone to volatilization, which has resulted in an increase of PCB levels in air, blood, breast milk, and fish in several regions of Africa. Consequences for workers performing these activities without adequate measures of protection could result in adverse human health effects. Recent biodegradation studies in Africa have revealed the existence of exotic bacterial strains exhibiting unique and unusual PCB metabolic capability in terms of array of congeners that can serve as carbon source and diversity of congeners attacked, marking considerable progress in the development of effective bioremediation strategies for PCB-contaminated matrices such as sediments and soils in tropical regions. Action must be taken to find and deal with the major African sources of these pollutants. The precise sources of the PCB plume should be pinned down and used to complete the pollutant inventories of African countries. These nations must then be helped to safely dispose of the potentially dangerous chemicals. 相似文献
49.
This study investigated the effects of user factors and cognitive sign features on the guessability of mine safety signs. Sixty na?ve participants guessed the meanings and rated the cognitive sign features of 42 Mainland Chinese mine safety signs. The results showed that some user factors were significant predictors of guessing performance, while some were not. As expected, guessability scores varied significantly with the cognitive sign features of familiarity, concreteness, simplicity, meaningfulness and semantic closeness. The findings emphasize the need to create awareness of the importance of mine safety and promote understanding of mine safety sign meanings amongst people in their work environments. To design more user-friendly mine safety signs, industrial designers should develop and evaluate signs with consideration of the significant user factors and the 5 sign features tested here. 相似文献