煤基腐殖酸对外源砷胁迫下玉米生长及生理性状的影响

为了筛选用于砷污染土壤治理的煤基腐殖酸,采用盆栽实验研究了施用不同种类和浓度的煤基腐殖酸及EDTA对外源砷胁迫下玉米株高、株鲜重、株干重、根干重、砷积累量、叶片抗氧化酶（POD,SOD和CAT）活性和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,11种供试煤基腐殖酸均促进了玉米生长,提高了叶片POD、SOD和CAT活性。其中6和10号腐殖酸可降低土壤砷活性和显著抑制玉米吸收和积累砷,而8和9号腐殖酸增加了土壤活性砷和显著促进了玉米对砷的吸收和累积,且不同程度地强于EDTA。除8和9号外,其余腐殖酸均可明显降低玉米叶片脯氨酸的含量。EDTA可显著促进玉米吸收和积累砷,且加剧了砷对玉米的危害。因此,8和9号供试煤基腐殖酸可以替代EDTA活化土壤砷,与植物配合以提高砷污染土壤的植物修复速度和效果,而6和10号供试煤基腐殖酸则可用于土壤砷钝化剂,以保证作物产品的安全。     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器,在通风量为3．0L／min,搅拌频率为5min／h的条件下,就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明,接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、Ct（P〈0．01）,堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P〈0．01）,其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18d,第8天COD降解率达到61．17％、总氮损失率为25．75％,第6天时GI达到108．22％。     

用煤矸石合成4A沸石分子筛处理氨氮废水

以煤矸石为原料,采用碱熔一水热法合成4A沸石分子筛。由于煤矸石中铝、硅主要以高岭土形式存在,其活化过程是合成4A沸石分子筛关键环节。为提高4A沸石分子筛钙离子的交换能力,增加对模拟废水氨氮的去除率,实验考察了碳酸钠与煤矸石质量比、活化温度、活化时间、晶化温度和晶化时间对4A沸石分子筛钙离子交换能力的影响,同时也考察了模拟废水的pH、4A沸石分子筛加入量及吸附时间对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为,碳酸钠与煤矸石质量比为0．9、活化温度为800％、活化时间1．5h、晶化温度90％和晶化时间3h。合成4A沸石分子筛的钙离子交换能力为310mg／g,在pH为6的100mL模拟氨氮废水中加入6g4A沸石分子筛吸附40min后,废水中氨氮的去除率达到86％。通过最佳工艺条件合成4A沸石分子筛,在处理氨氮废水方面具有一定的应用前景。     

巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究简

为识别巢湖流域污染物的特征、来源及其沉积物有机磷各形态分布与富营养化的关系,测定了7条巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态的含量,分析不同污染类型入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态分布的差异及与其他因素间的相关性。研究发现,不同污染类型入湖河流沉积物中水土保持控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序为残渣态P_o >富里酸-P_o >HCl-P_o >胡敏酸-P_o >NaHCO₃-P_o,平均的相对比例为7.5：3.1：1.9：1.5：1.0,而城市污染控制型和面源污染控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序恰好相同,面源污染控制型河流沉积物P_o各形态含量低于城市污染控制型和水土保持控制型河流。中活性P_o和OM、TP、P_i、P_o、TN、NaHCO₃-P_i、NaOH-P_i呈正相关,非活性P_o与P_o、NaOH-P_i呈显著正相关关系,反映了中活性P_o很容易转化为生物可利用磷和非活性P_o,且非活性P_o仍然具有潜在的生物活性。     

Analysis and discussion on formation and control of primary particulate matter generated from coal-fired power plants

Particulate matter (PM) has been becoming the principal urban pollutant in many major cities in China, and even all over the world. It is reported that the coal combustion process is one of the main sources of PM in the atmosphere. Therefore, an investigation of formation and emission of fine primary PM in coal combustion was conducted. First, the sources and classification of coal-fired primary PM were discussed; then their formation pathways during the coal combustion process were analyzed in detail. Accordingly, the emission control methods for fine particles generated from coal-fired power plants were put forward, and were classified as precombustion control, in-combustion control, and postcombustion control. Precombustion control refers to the processes for improving the coal quality before combustion, such as coal type selection and coal preparation. In-combustion control means to take measures for adjusting the combustion conditions and injection of additives during the combustion process to abate the formation of PM. Postcombustion control is the way that the fine PM are aggregated into larger ones by some agglomeration approaches and subsequently are removed by dust removal devices, or some high-performance modifications of conventional particle emission control devices (PECDs) can be taken for capturing fine particles. Finally, some general management suggestions are given for reducing fine PM emission in coal-fired power plants.

ImplicationsThe analysis and discussions of coal properties and its combustion process are critical to recognizing the formation and emission of the fine primary PM in combustion. The measures of precombustion, in-combustion, and postcombustion control based on the analysis and discussions are favorable for abating the PM emission. Practically, some measures of implementation do need the support of national policies, even needing to sacrifice economy to gain environmental profit, but this is the very time to execute these, and high-performance PECDs, especially novel devices, should be used for removing fine PM in flue gas.     

铁屑协同玉米芯/花生壳处理玛瑙染色废水

针对农村玛瑙染色工业废水中存在高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)、SO42-和H+等污染严重、难处理的问题,基于玉米芯、花生壳和铁屑,分别构造了1#(玉米芯)、2#(花生壳)、3 #(铁屑+玉米芯)、4#(铁屑+花生壳)动态柱实验模型,研究了生物质材料及其与铁屑协同处理玛瑙染色废水中Cr(Ⅵ)、SO42-、H+的效果和机理.结果表明,铁屑+玉米芯、铁屑+花生壳动态柱对Cr(Ⅵ)、SO42-的平均去除率分别为95.97％、96.42％和72.17％和59.55％,高于玉米芯、花生壳动态柱的89.67％、90.74％和39.00％、28.73％的平均去除率,且具有较强的抗污染负荷变化和一定的pH值提升的能力.对比分析可见,经过铁屑强化的生物质动态柱对Cr(Ⅵ)、SO42-、H+有更好、更稳定的去除效果.     

改进气相色谱法测定总烃与非甲烷总烃

采用十通阀、双定量环进样(进样量0.5 m L),专用的甲烷柱和总烃柱分别分离两路气样,单FID检测器检测的方法测定环境空气和固定污染源废气中的总烃和非甲烷总烃(NMHC)。实验结果表明:总烃与甲烷工作曲线的相关系数分别为0.997 7和0.999 0;总烃与甲烷测定结果的相对标准偏差均未超过1.5%;总烃与NMHC的检出限均为0.04 mg/m~3;总烃的加标回收率为90.3%~113.0%,NMHC的加标回收率为91.1%~110.0%。上述指标均满足HJ 604—2011和HJ/T 38—1999中对总烃及NMHC的测定要求。用注射器采样后的气样应尽量避光保存,放置时间宜在8 h之内。该方法无需制备除烃空气,大幅提升了检测效率。     

Digital innovation through partnership between nature conservation organisations and academia: A qualitative impact assessment

Nature conservation organisations increasingly turn to new digital technologies to help deliver conservation objectives. This has led to collaborative forms of working with academia to spearhead digital innovation. Through in-depth interviews with three UK research-council-funded case studies, we show that by working with academics conservation organisations can receive positive and negative impacts, some of which cut across their operations. Positive impacts include new ways of engaging with audiences, improved data workflows, financial benefits, capacity building and the necessary digital infrastructure to help them influence policy. Negative impacts include the time and resources required to learn new skills and sustain new technologies, managing different organisational objectives and shifts in working practices as a result of the new technologies. Most importantly, collaboration with academics was shown to bring the opportunity of a profound change in perspectives on technologies with benefits to the partner organisations and individuals therein.