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121.
基于2018年浙江省嘉兴市14个环境国控站点的O3历史资料与气象要素,研究O3与气象要素的关系,并结合差分吸收臭氧雷达的垂直臭氧探测资料,分析近地层O3廓线变化特征.结果表明,嘉兴地区发生高浓度O3污染的关键气象要素为24~36℃的大气温度和36%~77%的相对湿度,24℃以上的大气温度与77%以下的相对湿度可作为启动预警O3污染的气象指标.差分吸收臭氧雷达监测结果显示,无论O3超标天与清洁天,在垂直方向上其浓度随高度先升后降,在600~800m范围出现峰值;O3污染时段,在中午到午后低空形成持续向下的O3输送带,这种低空O3与地表O3的叠加机制加重地表O3污染程度,导致地表O3超标与低空高浓度相伴出现;其廓线日变化规律表现出800m以下浓度在夜间和凌晨梯度不显著,日出后近地层O3随时间快速增加,中午和午后持续高值,傍晚随时间逐渐下降的特征.后向轨迹分析表明,10,500,1000m高度层的气流后向轨迹聚类有相似性,500m处沿闽浙海岸线的轨迹簇对应O3较10m处来自海上的轨迹簇高,这与500m处前体物输送堆积和紫外线辐射增强有关.污染过程近地层气流来向紧贴地面,但中高层有明显下沉气流使得O3前体物在500m附近堆积,是造成2个典型污染过程中垂直方向上O3高值出现在500m左右的原因之一. 相似文献
122.
研究从经济社会、资源环境、生态的角度,通过改进系统工程中的集对分析方法,构建指标体系,对我国沿海地区主要省(市)滨海旅游业的生态创新以及其分项要素的总体水平进行综合测度。在评价结果的基础上,运用地理加权回归模型,分析滨海旅游生态创新水平的影响因素及其空间差异。结果表明我国沿海省(市)滨海旅游生态创新的总体水平较低,并呈现出明显的空间差异性;就其影响因素而言,工业污染治理投资、海洋科研经费收入、旅游总收入占第三产业的比重、旅游企业个数与生态创新水平呈正相关关系,旅游总收入及旅游总人数与生态创新水平呈负相关关系;影响因素的空间差异方面,旅游总收入、旅游收入占第三产业比重、海洋科研经费收入、旅游总人数对生态创新水平的影响程度由南到北递增,工业污染治理投资、旅游企业个数的影响程度大致形成以东部为核心,向南北扩散的趋势。 相似文献
123.
施加生物炭对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探究生物炭施加对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制,采集嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土表层(S,0~20 cm)、亚表层(D,20~40 cm)共8种土样,分别将1%(质量比)生物炭(B)加入到8种土样中形成混合土样(CX_(SB)、NB_(SB)、JL_(SB)和HC_(SB); CX_(DB)、NB_(DB)、JL_(DB)和HC_(DB))。以原始土样作为对照,批处理法研究各供试土样在不同温度、pH和离子强度下的Cu~(2+)吸附和热力学特征,并分析Cu的吸附形态。结果显示:(1)各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附都适用Langmuir模型描述,Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量q_m在62. 20~363. 64 mmol/kg之间,S层土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现JL NB CXHC的趋势,而D层土样呈现JL CX NB HC的趋势。施加生物炭有助于增强D层土壤对Cu~(2+)的吸附。(2) 20~40℃范围内,各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而升高,表现为增温正效应。热力学参数结果表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3) pH的升高有利于各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样(HC_S和HC_D除外)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现先增后降的趋势,0. 1 mol/L时最大。(4)土样中吸附的铜主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜存在,生物炭的施加增加了土样中可交换态(HC除外)和有机结合态铜含量,而对碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜影响较小。供试土样对Cu~(2+)的q_m主要是由CEC和比表面积决定的。 相似文献
124.
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126.
青藏高原隆升作为新生代最重要的地质事件,对亚洲乃至全球气候演化产生了深刻的影响。我国西南地区因紧邻青藏高原、地形地貌复杂,该区青藏高原隆升的气候效应至今仍存在许多需要探讨的问题。本文通过整理总结青藏高原隆升与亚洲季风各子系统形成与发展的相关性,从季风的角度分析了高原隆升对西南地区气候的影响。主要结论如下:(1)对西南地区气候起控制性作用的东亚季风、南亚季风以及高原季风的形成与青藏高原的隆升密切相关。虽然东亚夏季偏南风在约22 Ma就因海陆差异形成,但冬季风却是在约7.2 Ma因青藏高原隆升才出现;南亚夏季风(西南季风)约在12 Ma因喜马拉雅山脉及临近山脉形成而出现,而其冬季风形成时间及原因与东亚冬季风相似,同样离不开青藏高原的隆升;高原季风形成的直接因素就是高原隆升,其约在36 Ma青藏高原主体隆升至约1500 m时才开始形成。(2)亚洲季风各子系统对西南地区的气候演变有重要影响。尽管东亚冬季风不能直接影响西南地区,但青藏高原隆升增强了海陆差异及其热源作用,在一定程度上扩大了东亚夏季风的影响范围,并给西南地区带来水汽;南亚冬季风使得西南地区变得相对寒冷干燥,而南亚夏季风因青藏高原的隆升得到进一步加强,其通过形成南北向的水汽通道成为西南地区温暖湿润气候的主导者;高原冬、夏季风随着青藏高原隆升使得西南地区季节性干冷与湿润气候的差异更加显著。 相似文献
127.
Characterization of aircraft emissions and air quality impacts of an international airport 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Beijing Capital International Airport(ZBAA) is the world's second busiest airport. In this study, the emissions of air pollutants from aircraft and other sources at ZBAA in 2015 were estimated using an improved method, which considered the mixing layer height calculated based on aircraft meteorological data relay(AMDAR), instead of using the height(915 m)recommended by ICAO. The yearly emissions of NO_x, CO, VOCs, SO_2, and PM_(2.5) at the airport were 8.76 × 10~3, 4.43 × 10~3, 5.43 × 10~2, 4.80 × 10~2, and 1.49 × 10~2 ton/year, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of aircraft emissions was systematically analyzed to understand the emission characteristics of aircraft. The results indicated that NOxwas mainly emitted during the take-off and climb phases, accounting for 20.5% and 55.5% of the total emissions. CO and HC were mainly emitted during the taxi phase, accounting for 91.6%and 92.2% of the total emissions. Because the mixing layer height was high in summer, the emissions of aircraft were at the highest level throughout the year. Based on the detailed emissions inventory, four seasons simulation using WRF-CMAQ model was performed over the domain surrounding the airport. The results indicated that the contribution to PM_(2.5) was relatively high in winter; the average impact was about 1.15 μg/m~3 within a radius of1 km around the airport. Meanwhile, the near surroundings and southwest areas of the airport are the most sensitive to PM_(2.5). 相似文献
128.
通过数值模拟方法,对内锥和多级孔板组合扰流结构下的泡沫发生器流场进行了模拟和分析。通过CFD流场模拟软件Fluent,以泡沫发生器的真实操作工况为边界条件进行建模,得到了气液两相掺混流场的结构和重要动力学参数,并进行了分析。发现扰流件的下游区域存在一个较稳定回流区,同时在多级孔板区域流场的湍动能及湍动能耗散率较高,对泡沫发生器中气液两相掺混有利。扰流件下游液相分布较为均匀,进一步验证了发泡器内部气液掺混效果较佳。通过流场模拟,验证了圆锥和四级孔板组合扰流结构对强化泡沫发生器内气液掺混的有效性。 相似文献
129.
Niladri Basu Anton Scheuhammer Kirsti Rouvinen-Watt Nicole Grochowina Douglas Evans Hing Man Chan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,162(1-4):377-386
Studies are increasingly using cholinergic parameters as biomarkers of early neurotoxicity, but few have characterized this system in ecologically relevant model organisms. In the present study, key neurochemicals in the cholinergic pathway were measured and analyzed from discrete parts of brain and blood from captive mink (Mustela vison). Similar to other mammals, the regional distribution of cholinergic parameters in the brain could be ranked from highest to lowest as: basal ganglia > occipital cortex > brain stem > cerebellum (F 3,192?=?172.1, p?<?0.001). Higher variation in cholinergic parameters was found in the cerebellum (coefficient of variation = 34.9%), and the least variation was measured in the brain stem (19.7%). Variation was also assessed by calculating the difference between the lowest and highest measures among individual animals: choline acetyltransferase (1.6× fold difference), cholinesterase (2.0×), muscarinic receptor levels (2.4×), acetylcholine (3.7×), nicotinic receptor levels (3.9×), and choline transporter (5.0×). In blood samples, activity and inter-individual variation of cholinesterase was highest in whole blood and lowest in plasma and serum. By using captive mink of a common genetic source, age, gender, and rearing conditions, these data help establish normal levels, ranges, and variations of cholinergic biomarkers among brain regions, blood components, and individual animals. Such information may better enable the utility of cholinergic biomarkers in environmental assessments. 相似文献
130.
Iryna Kuklina Svetlana Sladkova Antonín Kouba Sergey Kholodkevich Pavel Kozák 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(17):10262-10269
The crayfish play an essential role in the biomonitoring and may reflect ambient water quality through the biochemical, behavioural and physiological reactions. To assess whether narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus can respond by heart rate changes to presence in water of such biocide as chloramine-T, adult males were exposed to its low (2 and 5 mg L?1), moderate (10 mg L?1, commonly used in industry and aquaculture) and exceeded (20 and 50 mg L?1) concentrations. In addition, a physical stress test evaluated energy expenditure following the chemical trials. Three key reactions (cardiac initial, first-hour and daily prolonged exposure) were discussed with particular focus on crayfish initial reaction as the most meaningful in on-line water quality biomonitoring. After short-term exposure to both chloramine-T concentrations, crayfish were found to respond rapidly, within 2–5 min. According to heart rate changes, the 1-h exposure did not adversely affect crayfish at either concentration, as well as during daily exposure to 10 mg L?1. As assessed by the heart rate, the 24-h exposure to 50 mg L?1 of chloramine-T was toxic for crayfish and led to substantial loss of energy that became apparent during subsequently conducted physical stress. The results supported a hypothesis that crayfish vital functions are connected with environment they inhabit closely enough to serve as biological monitors. Crayfish were tolerant to short-term chloramine-T exposure, while rapid crayfish reaction to an increased chemical level indicated their high sensitivity, an essential attribute of real-time environmental assessment. 相似文献