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671.
A critical assumption of studies assessing comparatively waste management options concerns the constant average cost for selective collection regardless the source separation level (SSL) reached, and the neglect of the mass constraint. The present study compares alternative waste management scenarios through the development of a desktop model that tries to remove the above assumption. Several alternative scenarios based on different combinations of energy and materials recovery are applied to two imaginary areas modelled in order to represent a typical Northern Italian setting. External costs and benefits implied by scenarios are also considered. Scenarios are compared on the base of the full cost for treating the total waste generated in the area. The model investigates the factors that influence the relative convenience of alternative scenarios. 相似文献
672.
Although pesticides have been useful in agriculture pest control, there is a considerable risk for human health and damage to ecosystems. Carbaryl is a carbamate often taken as a safe insecticide, although data on metabolic activities is still scarce, viz. mitochondrial toxicity. Therefore, it is the goal of this work to assay the compound on isolated mitochondria, a biochemical model already used with other pesticides. Mitochondria isolated from the livers of Wistar rats were assayed for bioenergetic parameters, namely mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, membrane integrity and enzyme activities. For higher concentrations, it was observed that carbaryl has a depressive effect on mitochondrial respiration and on the generation of mitochondrial membrane potential, but with preservation of membrane integrity. A locus between Complex II and III appears particularly affected and the mitochondrial phosphorylation system relatively insensitive. Therefore, carbaryl inhibits mitochondrial respiration without affecting the phosphorylation complex. Carbaryl is toxic for mitochondria, although at concentrations higher as compared with other insecticide compounds. Mitochondrial toxicity should be excluded as one of the primary causes for carbaryl immediate toxicity, as concluded from the range of concentrations where carbaryl shows effective mitochondrial toxicity. 相似文献
673.
Between uncertainty and hope: Young leaders as agents of change in sustainable small-scale fisheries
Alejandro Espinoza-Tenorio Romana Gabriela Ehuan-Noh Gabriela Alejandra Cuevas-Gmez Nemer E. Narchi Dora Elia Ramos-Muoz Francisco J. Fernndez-Rivera Melo Antonio Saldívar-Moreno Jos Alberto Zepeda-Domínguez Juan Carlos Prez-Jimnez Alma Oliveto-Andrade Jorge Torre 《Ambio》2022,51(5):1287
The path to sustainable small-scale fisheries (SSF) is based on multiple learning processes that must transcend generational changes. To understand young leaders from communities with sustainable SSF management practices in Mexico, we used in-depth interviews to identify their shared motivations and perceptions for accepting their fishing heritage. These possible future decision-makers act as agents of change due to their organizational and technological abilities. However, young people are currently at a crossroads. Many inherited a passion for the sea and want to improve and diversify the fishing sector, yet young leaders do not want to accept a legacy of complicated socioenvironmental conditions that can limit their futures. These future leaders are especially concerned by the uncertainty caused by climate change. If fishing and generational change are not valued in planning processes, the continuity of fisheries, the success of conservation actions, and the lifestyles of young fishers will remain uncertain.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01639-2. 相似文献
674.
The pygidial gland secretions of Neotropical dung roller beetles appear to function as defensive agents against predator ants.
Behavioral and electrophysiological tests were used to evaluate the responses of the ant Camponotus sericeiventris to pygidial compounds secreted by the dung roller beetles Canthon cyanellus cyanellus and Canthon femoralis femoralis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Our behavioral investigation revealed a lower aggressive response of C. sericeiventris to the dung roller beetles compared to their response to the fly Anastrepha ludens. Additionally, C. sericeiventris workers attacked C. f. femoralis more often than C. c. cyanellus. The behavioral aggression of C. sericeiventris was greater toward male than female C. c. cyanellus. Electroantennography showed that the antennae of C. sericeiventris react to pygidial extracts from C. c. cyanellus and C. f. femoralis. Three compounds from male and female C. f. femoralis and C. c. cyanellus elicited coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram (GC-EAD) activity in the antennae of C. sericeiventris. Geraniol and an unknown compound (A) were specific for C. f. femoralis, whereas guaiacol and another unknown compound (B) were specific to C. c. cyanellus; phenol was shared by both beetle species. This is the first report confirming that the pygidial gland secretions of dung
roller beetles play a role in their defense against predators. 相似文献
675.
Serena Felline Ernesto Mollo Alessandra Ferramosca Vincenzo Zara Francesco Regoli Stefania Gorbi Antonio Terlizzi 《Marine Biology》2014,161(6):1275-1283
Biological invasions are deemed as one of the most severe threats to biodiversity and can result in huge economic impacts on natural resources. Many studies have assessed structural changes caused by the introduction of nonindigenous species, but urgent questions remain to be answered about the complex indirect effects of invasive pests on marine biodiversity at the species and ecosystem level. Previous investigations focusing on the biological invasion by Caulerpa racemosa in the Mediterranean indicated that the lipophilic algal metabolite caulerpin accumulates in the tissues of the native edible white sea bream Diplodus sargus feeding on the exotic alga. The level of caulerpin in D. sargus has been thus used as an indicator of the trophic exposure of the fish to the seaweed and related with adverse effects on the fish health. In the present study, we show that the C. racemosa-based diet can also alter muscle fatty acids composition in the white sea bream by reducing the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 series, such as eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), docosahexaenoic (C22:6) and arachidonic acids (C20:4). This represents both a real threat to the health of fish unable to biosynthesize these essential fatty acids and an impoverishment of an important source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition, which helps to prevent cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cancer and neurological disorders. On the whole, this work sheds light on an unexplored and critical aspect of biological invasions with implication on the health of both humans and the environment. 相似文献
676.
Adele Fabbrocini Raffaele D'Adamo Francesco Del Prete Antonio L. Langellotti Carmela M.A. Barone Francesca Rinna 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(7):660-667
A new approach to environmental studies was investigated by the authors, who propose the use of cryopreserved biological systems in ecotoxicological bioassays. The feasibility of spermiotoxicity tests using cryopreserved semen of the sea bream Sparus aurata, with sperm motility parameters as the endpoint, was evaluated. Thawed sperm was incubated in environmental samples (sediment elutriate and dumpsite leachate) and in a reference toxicant (cadmium) at scaled concentrations. Motility was then evaluated by video-microscopy using both visual and computer-assisted analyses. Activation time, sperm motility and velocity and motility duration were assessed on thawing and at the end of the incubation time, and the difference with respect to the control was statistically evaluated. All the endpoints of the bioassay proved to have good sensitivity even at the highest dilutions of the tested matrices. Observed differences in the sensitivity thresholds of the endpoints were considered to be representative of different aspects of sperm physiology. Therefore the proposed bioassay is a promising starting point for the development of toxicity tests that are increasingly tailored to the needs of ecotoxicology and environmental quality evaluation strategies for aquatic environments. 相似文献
677.
Antonio Edson Leite Rosani De Castro Mário Otávio Batalha Kannan Govindan 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(5):422-429
The objective of this study is to identify the adoption level of practices associated with more sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly practices. Additionally, the motivations for and barriers to the adoption of these practices by farmers are investigated. Data were collected through closed questionnaires taken by a random sample of farmers in the Southwest, São Paulo, Brazil, during the second half of 2013. Overall, sustainable agricultural practices recommended in the literature and analysed in this study are being not fully adopted by farmers of the studied area. The results showed that financial motivation is associated with farmers adopting new, more sustainable technology, whereas the lack of information on and lack of technical support for these technologies are significant barriers. Other results, research implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are presented. 相似文献
678.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - The main goal of this study is the 3D numerical simulation of river flows with submerged vegetated floodplains. Since, vegetation layers are usually dense and... 相似文献
679.
Jose A. Fernandes Xabier Irigoien Jose A. Lozano Aritz Pérez 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(2):338-332
Improving our ability to predict recruitment is a key element in fisheries management. However, the interactions between population dynamics and different environmental factors are complex and often non-linear, making it difficult to produce robust predictions. ‘Machine-learning’ techniques (in particular, supervised classification methods) have been proposed as useful tools, to overcome such difficulties. In this study, a methodology is proposed to build a robust classifier for fish recruitment prediction with sparse and noisy data. The methodology consists of 4 steps: (1) a semi-automated recruitment discretization method; (2) supervised discretization of predictors; (3) multivariate and non-redundant predictors selection; (4) learning a probabilistic classifier. In terms of fisheries management, the classifier estimated performance has important consequences and, to be useful, the manager needs to know the risk that is being taken when using this number. Probabilistic classifiers such as ‘naive Bayes’, have the advantage that, in addition to the predictions, estimate also the probability of each possible outcome. Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) recruitments are used as application examples. ‘Two-intervals’ recruitment discretization accomplishes 70% accuracies and Brier scores of around 0.10, for both anchovy and hake recruitment. In comparison, ‘three-intervals’ recruitment discretization accomplishes 50% accuracies; and Brier scores of around 0.25 for anchovy and 0.30 for hake recruitment. These statistics are the result of validating not only the classifier, but also the previous steps, as a whole methodology. 相似文献
680.
David W. Watkins Jr. Márcia M. G. Alcoforado de Moraes Heidi Asbjornsen Alex S. Mayer Julian Licata Jose Gutierrez Lopez Thomas G. Pypker Vivianna Gamez Molina Guilherme Fernandes Marques Ana Cristina Guimaraes Carneiro Hector M. Nuñez Hayri Önal Bruna da Nobrega Germano 《Environmental management》2015,56(6):1295-1314