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311.
Zoltan Szantoi Arthur H. Chappelka Russell B. Muntifering 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(3):840-846
Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) seedlings were placed into open-top chambers in May, 2004 and fumigated for 12 wks. Nine chambers were fumigated with either carbon-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) or twice-ambient (2×) ozone (O3). Ethylenediurea (EDU) was applied as a foliar spray weekly at 0 (control), 200, 400 or 600 ppm. Foliar injury occurred at ambient (30%) and elevated O3 (100%). Elevated O3 resulted in significant decreases in biomass and nutritive quality. Ethylenediurea reduced percent of leaves injured, but decreased root and total biomass. Foliar concentrations of cell-wall constituents were not affected by EDU alone; however, EDU × O3 interactions were observed for total cell-wall constituents and lignocellulose fraction. Our results demonstrated that O3 altered the physiology and productivity of cutleaf coneflower, and although reducing visible injury EDU may be phytotoxic at higher concentrations. 相似文献
312.
Yu CH Fan ZH Meng Q Zhu X Korn L Bonanno LJ 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(6):673-688
An urban community PM10 (particulate matter < or = 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) air pollution study was conducted in Paterson, NJ, a mixed land-use community that is interspersed with industrial, commercial, mobile, and residential land-use types. This paper examines (1) the spatial/temporal variation of PM10, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and nine elements; and (2) the impact of land-use type on those variations. Air samples were collected from three community-oriented locations in Paterson that attempted to capture industrial, commercial, and mobile source-dominated emissions. Sampling was conducted for 24 hr every 6 days from November 2005 through December 2006. Samples were concurrently collected at the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection-designated air toxics background site in Chester, NJ. PM10 mass, EC, OC, and nine elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, S, Ti, and Zn) that had more than 50% of samples above detection and known sources or are toxic were selected for spatial/temporal analysis in this study. The concentrations of PM10, EC, OC, and eight elements (except S) were significantly higher in Paterson than in Chester (P < 0.05). The concentrations of these elements measured in Paterson were also found to be higher during winter than the other three seasons (except S), and higher on weekdays than on weekends (except Pb). The concentrations of EC, Cu, Fe, and Zn at the commercial site in Paterson were significantly higher than the industrial and mobile sites; however, the other eight species were not significantly different within the city (P > 0.05). These results indicated that anthropogenic sources of air pollution were present in Paterson. The source apportionment confirmed the impact of vehicular and industrial emissions on the PM10 ambient air pollution in Paterson. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that categorical land-use type was a significant predictor for all air pollution levels, explaining up to 42% of the variability in concentration by land-use type only. 相似文献
313.
Francirose Shigaki Peter J. A. Kleinman John P. Schmidt Andrew N. Sharpley Arthur L. Allen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1500-1511
Abstract: Drainage ditches can be a key conduit of phosphorus (P) between agricultural soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and local surface waters, including the Chesapeake Bay. This study sought to quantify the effect of a common ditch management practice, sediment dredging, on fate of P in drainage ditches. Sediments from two drainage ditches that had been monitored for seven years and had similar characteristics (flow, P loadings, sediment properties) were sampled (0‐5 cm) after one of the ditches had been dredged, which removed fine textured sediments (clay = 41%) with high organic matter content (85 g/kg) and exposed coarse textured sediments (clay = 15%) with low organic matter content (2.2 g/kg). Sediments were subjected to a three‐phase experiment (equilibrium, uptake, and release) in recirculating 10‐m‐long, 0.2‐m‐wide, and 5‐cm‐deep flumes to evaluate their role as sources and sinks of P. Under conditions of low initial P concentrations in flume water, sediments from the dredged ditch released 13 times less P to the water than did sediments from the ditch that had not been dredged, equivalent to 24 mg dissolved P. However, the sediments from the dredged ditch removed 19% less P (76 mg) from the flume water when it was spiked with dissolved P to approximate long‐term runoff concentrations. Irradiation of sediments to destroy microorganisms revealed that biological processes accounted for up to 30% of P uptake in the coarse textured sediments of the dredged ditch and 18% in the fine textured sediments of the undredged ditch. Results indicate that dredging of coastal plain drainage ditches can potentially impact the P buffering capacity of ditches draining agricultural soils with a high potential for P runoff. 相似文献
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316.
Wm. E. Wilson Jr Arthur Levy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):385-390
There is an appreciable chemical interaction between SO2 and photochemical smog which depends on the concentration of SO2 and water vapor. The rate of decay of SO2 concentration is greatly increased in the presence of photochemical smog. With 0.75 ppm SO2, a light-scattering aerosol is produced in dry systems and systems at 22 and 55% relative humidity (RH). Aerosol is not observed until after the NO2 peak has been reached and the NO concentration has fallen to a very low value. The formation of aerosol corresponds in time to the region of most rapid decrease in the SO2 profile. In systems at 65% RH or with smaller amounts of SO2, no light scattering is observed, but the percentage of SO2 disappearing is greater. In relatively dry systems the presence of SO2 results in a general slowing down of the photochemical smog reactions. In systems containing water vapor concentrations comparable to those found in the atmosphere, the inhibiting influence of SO2 on the smog reaction is less pronounced. However, the maximum concentration of oxidant produced by the photochemical smog reactions is significantly lower when SO2 is present. 相似文献
317.
Wilbert L. Lee Arthur C. Stern 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):505-513
The promulgation of Federal standards of performance for certain classes of new stationary sources requires that such sources have minimum stack heights to meet also the requirements of national air quality standards. The determination of minimum stack height is complicated by the fact that the performance and air quality standards are stated on different averaging time bases; that the extent of preemption of the assimilative capacity of the air by any individual source will vary among jurisdictions and, in some cases, among different geographic areas of a single jurisdiction; and that some new sources will be designed to emit appreciably less than the performance standard requirement. However, these complications can be resolved and equations and charts prepared from which minimum stack height can be selected. 相似文献
318.
Arthur L. Benson Philip L. Levins Arthur A. Massucco Donald B. Sparrow James R. Valentine 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):274-277
This paper is directed to those interested in measuring trace metals in high-temperature particulate emissions. Particulate handsheet filters with satisfactory purity, efficiency, thermal stability, cost, strength (about 1 lb/in.), and flexibility for analysis of particulates in gases up to 800°C have been made with 99.2% Si02 Microquartzfibers. Almost all purity requirements for optimum atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometric analysis for trace metals have been achieved. The filters appear highly promising for X-ray fluorescence analysis but should be further evaluated. Suitability of the filters for neutron activation analysis is uncertain and should also be further evaluated. Dioctyl phthal-ate (DOP) aerosol efficiencies of 99 to 99.99% have been achieved by using fibers of various diameters. The filters are insensitive to humidity, insoluble In most acids and organic solvents. The handsheet filters have a slightly alkaline pH, but similar filters have been made on a papermaking machine with a pH of 6.4. Cost is estimated to be about $2.00/ft2. 相似文献
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320.
Haluk Ozkaynak Arthur D. Schatz George D. Thurston Ronald G. Isaacs Rudolf B. Husar 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1176-1185
Epidemiological assessments of population exposures to airborne particles are often hampered by the scarcity of available fine particle mass measurements. In an attempt to overcome this serious problem, we analyze In this paper methods for predicting fine particle (M 1) and Inhalable particle (IP) mass concentrations using relative humidity corrected light extinction coefficient (b ext) estimated from airport visual range (V r) observations. The analyses presented are based on theoretical determinations as well as statistical investigations utilizing EPA's NASN and Inhalable Particle Monitoring Network (IPMN) data bases and routine airport visual range observations In twelve large U.S. cities. Our results Indicate that, after controlling for certain limitations of airport visual range data, most of the regression models developed in this paper can be applied satisfactorily to predict M t and IP. Furthermore, our findings Indicate that a more representative formula than the commonly used meteorological range formula to predict atmospheric b ext values in urban areas may be b ext = (1.8 ± 0.04)/V r. Because of known local or regional influences, however, we do suggest calibration of any predictive model which utilizes airport visibility data against site-specific aerometric data on particle mass concentrations or scattering coefficient measurements. 相似文献