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31.
Manoj Kumar Pathak Mohammad Fareed Vipin Bihari Mudium Mohan Krishna Reddy Devendra Kumar Patel Neeraj Mathur 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1):188-196
In this study, nerve conduction, organochlorine (OC) pesticide residues in blood and cholinesterase activity levels of pesticide sprayers employed in mango plantations at Lucknow, North India, were determined. Fifty-two sprayers from mango plantations who regularly spray mixture of pesticides like organophosphates (OP), OCs, and carbamates were considered as exposed group. Eighteen subjects with similar socio-economic status of exposed group, who do not handle pesticides, were selected as controls. Questionnaire-based interviews related to personal and occupational histories of the study subjects were carried out. Sprayers did not use any personal protective equipment during pesticide handling. The blood-pesticide analyses of sprayers show higher mean values of hexachlorohexane (HCH), γ-HCH, δ-HCH, total HCH, op-DDT compared with the controls. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activites were significantly reduced among sprayers. Risk of motor nerve conduction deficits was observed in sprayers with low AChE activity. Negative correlation of motor and sensory nerve conduction deficits was observed with the duration of exposure and age among sprayers. The study demonstrated that the prolonged exposure to mixture of pesticides, ergonomic factors, decline in cholinesterase activity may lead to nerve conduction dysfunction. The findings suggest the need for controlled use of pesticides in the plantation and indicated the need for training and implementation of hygiene practices like proper usage of personal protective equipments. 相似文献
32.
A synergistic action of silver (Ag) and groundnut husk carbon was shown, which markedly enhanced inactivation of Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a silver-impregnated groundnut husk carbon adsorbent (AdSG) for drinking water disinfection and evaluate % disinfection of E. coli. The results showed that contact of bacterial cells with AdSG resulted in a transfer of Ag ion to the cell, as evidenced by bactericidal activity. It is also possible that Ag produced generation of reactive oxygen species in the cell that led to bactericidal activity of the adsorbent. Data indicated that AdSG was effective as a bactericidal agent and may prove to be economically beneficial in drinking water disinfection. 相似文献
33.
Singh RP Tewari A Shah S Tewari B 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2010,31(3):297-299
Fruits of Aisandra butyracea (Roxb.) Lamb. were collected from two sites located at different altitudes in Kumaun Himalaya for analyzing the seed maturity in relation to various fruit and seed characters. The mean seed size (length x width) across the collection dates varied between 186.44 +/- 0.05 and 238.17 +/- 0.5 mm2 across both the elevations. The fruit colour changed from dark green in the beginning to pale yellow on the maturity. The range of seed moisture content (62.83 +/- 1.33 to 63.46 +/- 0.89%) coincided with maximum germination. The colour change and seed moisture content appear to be the major indicators of seed maturation in A. butyracea. 相似文献
34.
During the treatment of sewage, a huge volume of sludge is generated, which is disposed of on land as soil fertilizer/conditioner due to the presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. However, the presence of toxic heavy metals and other toxic compounds in the sludge restricts its use as a fertilizer. Over the years, bioleaching has been developed as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for the removal of heavy metals from the sludge. The present paper gives an overview of the various bioleaching studies carried out in different modes of operation. The various important aspects such as pathogen destruction, odor reduction and metal recovery from acidic leachate also have been discussed. Further, a detailed discussion was made on the various technical problems associated with the bioleaching process, which need to be addressed while developing the process on a larger scale. 相似文献
35.
Autoheated thermophilic aerobic sludge digestion and metal bioleaching
in a two-stage reactor system
A two-stage process has been developed for stabilization of sludge and removal of heavy metals from the secondary activated sludge with high rate of energy and time conservation.The first stage of the process involves autoheated thermophilic aerobic digestion at 55-60°C inoculated with less-acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms(ATAD).The results show that it is possible to maintain the autoheated conditions(55-60°C) in the ATAD reactor up to 24 hr,leading to reduction of 21% total solids(TS),27% volatile solids(VS),27% suspended solids(SS) and 33% volatile suspended solids(VSS) from the sludge.The sludge pH also decreased from 7 to 4.6 due to the activity of less-acidophilic thermophilic microorganisms.In the second stage operation,the digested sludge(pH 4.6,TS 31.6 g/L) from stage one was subjected to bioleaching in a continuous stirred tank reactor,operated at mean hydraulic retention times(HRTs) of 12,24 and 36 hr at 30°C.An HRT of 24 hr was found to be sufficient for removal of 70% Cu,70% Mn,75% Ni,and 80% Zn from the sludge.In all,39% VSS,76% Cu,78.2% Mn,79.5% Ni and 84.2% Zn were removed from the sludge in both the stages. 相似文献
36.
Mitigation of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil is important to reduce the global warming. Efficacy of five nitrification inhibitors, i.e. neem (Azadirachta melia) cake, thiosulphate, coated calcium carbide, neem oil coated urea and dicyandiamide (DCD) and one urease inhibitor, hydroquinone, in mitigating N2O and CH4 emissions from fertilized soil was tested in rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic plains. The closed chamber technique was used for the collection of gas samples, which were analyzed using gas chromatography. Reduction in N2O emission on the application of nitrification/urease inhibitors along with urea ranged from 5% with hydroquinone to 31% with thiosulphate in rice and 7% with hydroquinone to 29% with DCD in wheat crop. The inhibitors also influenced the emission of CH4. While application of neem coated urea, coated calcium carbide, neem oil and DCD reduced the emission of CH4; hydroquinone and thiosulphate increased the emission when compared to urea alone. However, the global warming potential was lower with the inhibitors (except hydroquinone) as compared to urea alone, suggesting that these substances could be used for mitigating greenhouse gas emission from the rice-wheat systems. 相似文献
37.
Pathak H Bhatia A Prasad S Singh S Kumar S Jain MC Kumar U 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,77(2):163-178
Nitrous oxide (N2O) accounts for 5%of the total enhanced greenhouse effect and responsiblefor the destruction of the stratospheric ozone. The rice-wheat cropping system occupying 26 million ha ofproductive land in Asia could be a major source ofN2O as most of the fertilizer N in this region isconsumed by this system. Emission of N2O asinfluenced by application of urea, urea plus farm yardmanure (FYM), and urea plus dicyandiamide (DCD), anitrification inhibitor, was studied in rice-wheatsystems of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Total emissionof N2O-N from the rice-wheat systems varied between654 g ha-1 in unfertilized plots and 1570 g ha-1 in urea fertilized plots. Application of FYM and DCDreduced emission of N2O-N in rice. The magnitude ofreduction was higher with DCD. In wheat also N2O-Nemission was reduced by DCD. FYM applied in rice had noresidual effect on N2O-N emission in wheat. In riceintermittent wetting and drying condition of soilresulted in higher N2O-N emission than that ofsaturated soil condition. Treatments with 5 irrigationsgave higher emissions in wheat than those with 3irrigations. In rice-wheat system, typical of a farmer'sfield in Indo-Gangetic plains, where 240 kg N isgenerally applied through urea, N2O-N emission is1570 g ha-1 (0.38% of applied N) and application ofFYM and DCD reduced it to 1415 and 1096 g ha-1,respectively. 相似文献
38.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The tar formed within the producer gas is a major problem in the biomass gasification process. The catalytic cracking of tar is the best method to... 相似文献
39.
The mid altitudinal oak, Quercus floribunda forms predominantly evergreen forest in Central Himalaya between 2000–2400 m. It is late successional, mature phase species
that has limited regeneration on disturbance prone sites. This oak produces mast seed crops at an interval of 2–3 years. During
masting in Q. floribunda the seed fall and germination is upto ten times greater than in normal years, emphasizing the importance of mast year crop
in forest maintenance. However, no mast year in this species since the last nine years (1997–2005) is a matter of serious
concern. The rise in the summer and winter temperature over a period of 15 years appear to have affected the frequency of
masting in this oak. The importance of masting can be adjudged from the fact that 97% of the surviving seedlings m−2 are of the mast year crop. 相似文献
40.
Physicochemical analyses and cyanobacterial diversity of Ramgarh Lake water were performed at five sampling sites during winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Higher load of solids, carbon, and nutrients were persistent throughout the analysis that indicates the conversion of lake from oligotrophic to eutrophic nature. High nutrients load enhanced cyanobacterial biomass, while low nutrients load produced relatively less biomass. The physicochemical parameters of water samples revealed minimum 2.9 mg L?1 dissolved oxygen (DO) at site-1 during summer, while maximum (5.6 mg L?1) at site-4 in monsoon season. Maximum biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (40 mg L?1) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (126 mg L?1) were recorded at site-1 during summer, whereas minimum BOD (18 mg L?1) and COD (52 mg L?1) were evident at site-3 in monsoon season. Minimum concentration of nitrate (0.72 mg L?1) was recorded at site-3 in summer, whereas maximum 2.7 mg L?1 was present at site-5 in winter season. The phosphate concentration was maximum (0.52 mg L?1) at site-5 in summer, and minimum (0.18 mg L?1) was observed at site-4 in monsoon season. Cyanobacterial diversity was higher during all the seasons, and dominated by the species of Microcystis at all the five sampling sites. 相似文献