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61.
An estrogen receptor (ER)/androgen receptor (AR) ligand competitive binding assay (ER/AR-binding assay) and chemical analyses
were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (K
and S). In the influents, estrone (E1), androsterone (A), androstenedione (AD), BPA (bisphenol A), NP (nonylphenol) and daidzein (DZ)
were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP
and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic (androgenic) activity as 17 -estradiol (E2) equivalents
(EEQ) or testosterone (Te) equivalents (TEQ) was consequently 620 ng E2/L (570 ng Te/L) and 580 ng E2/L (800 ng Te/L) for the
two WWTPs. The removal e ciencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%–100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%–100%
for S-WWTP. The removal e ciencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal e ciencies of TEQ were 62.1%
for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%–52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for
K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%–83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values
measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs. 相似文献
62.
Tani T Arai R Nozoe S Tako Y Takahashi T Nakamura Y 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(4):340-347
A dynamic compartment model was investigated to describe 14C accumulation in rice plants exposed to atmospheric 14C with temporally changing concentrations. In the model, rice plants were regarded to consist of three compartments: the ear and the mobile and immobile carbon pools of the shoot. Photosynthetically fixed carbon moves into the ear and the mobile carbon pool, and these two compartments release a part of this carbon into the atmosphere by respiration. Carbon accumulated in the mobile carbon pool is redistributed to the ear, while carbon transferred into the immobile carbon pool from the mobile one is accumulated there until harvest. The model was examined by cultivation experiments using the stable isotope, 13C, in which the ratios of carbon photosynthetically fixed at nine times during plant growth to the total carbon at the time of harvest were determined. The model estimates of the ratios were in relatively good agreement with the experimental observations, which implies that the newly developed compartment model is applicable to estimate properly the radiation dose to the neighboring population due to an accidental release of 14C from nuclear facilities. 相似文献
63.
To evaluate the environmental risks of irrigating crops with treated wastewater, a study was undertaken to quantify heavy metal uptake by 4-week old buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) plants during 18 days of irrigation with 8 different Cu and Zn solutions under two transpiration rates (TR). At 4 weeks, potted buckwheat plants were transferred into one of the two growth chambers, offering either a high or low vapour pressure deficit (VDP) for, respectively, a high or low TR. Triplicate pots received one of the 8 irrigation treatments containing one of two Zn levels (0 and 25 mg/L) combined with one of four Cu levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/L). Daily TR were measured by weighing the evapo-transpired water lost from the planted pot, less was the evaporation loss measured from triplicate non-planted pots. After 0, 6, 12 and 18 days of treatment, the stems and leaves of three randomly selected plants were harvested and after 18 days, the roots were harvested to determine Cu and Zn uptake. The treatments did not affect TR in terms of dry plant mass, indicating the absence of toxic effects. Irrigating with Zn, without Cu, increased dry biomass production, whereas the lowest biomass occurred with 15 and 30 mg/L of Cu with and without 25 mg/L of Zn, respectively, because higher applications of heavy metal significantly reduced soil pH. Plant Cu and Zn uptake increased with TR. With higher levels of Cu, Zn uptake by buckwheat was significantly reduced, while Zn had a slight but non-significant impact on Cu uptake. Previously and in a study exposing wheat plants to the same conditions, Cu significantly increased Zn uptake, while Zn had a slight but insignificant negative effect on Cu uptake. The buckwheat roots contained the greatest levels of Cu and Zn, indicating their role in moderating heavy metal uptake. Also, both Cu and Zn had a synergetic effect on each other in terms of root levels, and a similar observation was made in the earlier similar experiment using wheat plants. Irrigating a buckwheat crop with treated wastewater, with more natural Cu and Zn levels of 0.08 mg/L, could be quite beneficial without endangering the quality of the crop and acidifying the soil pH. The most concentrated experimental solutions contained 300 times more Cu and Zn, to obtain measurable differences. 相似文献
64.
Atsushi Terazono Yuichi Moriguchi Shin-ichi Sakai Hiroshi Takatsuki 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(2):80-88
This study evaluated the environmental impacts of sprayed-on asbestos, which had been used as insulation material in buildings,
from multiple perspectives, mainly at the disposal stage. The health risks from asbestos emission and energy consumption were
estimated. Two disposal scenarios were assumed for the asbestos: melting for reduced-risk disposal and ordinary packaging/landfilling.
We estimated the asbestos emission and health risk in the case of packaging/landfilling, assuming uncontrolled management
of the landfill site. A difficulty with introducing health-risk concepts into life cycle assessment (LCA) is the pulse–flux
problem, which is discussed in the light of these estimations. In order to solve this problem, we proposed a method using
a conversion factor representing exposure-dose/emission, and showed that emission could be converted into health risk. We
also estimated the energy consumption for melting asbestos in the disposal stage, which can decrease the health risk. If we
consider the energy consumption for the life cycle of asbestos, only a little energy is required for melting, compared with
the large amount of energy saved in the use stage owing to the insulating effect of the asbestos. The trade-off relationship
between health risk and energy consumption for the disposal scenarios indicated the need for weighting methods to handle trade-offs
such as this.
Received: July 2, 1998 / Accepted: December 20, 1999 相似文献
65.
Kuzuhara Shunsuke Akimoto Yuta Shibata Kazu Oguchi Masahiro Terazono Atsushi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(1):431-438
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Our objective was to provide the information necessary to efficiently recover metals from end-of-life lithium-ion secondary batteries by assessing... 相似文献
66.
Aya Yoshida Tomohiro Tasaki Atsushi Terazono 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(5):1602-1614
Most personal computers (PCs) are discarded by consumers after the data files have been moved to a new PC. Therefore, a used PC collection scheme should be created that does not depend on the distribution route of new PCs. In Japan, manufacturers’ voluntary take-back recycling schemes were established in 2001 (for business PCs) and 2003 (for household PCs). At the same time, the export of used PCs from Japan increased, affecting the domestic PC reuse market. These regulatory and economic conditions would have changed the flow of used PCs.In this paper, we developed a method of minimizing the errors in estimating the material flow of used PCs. The method’s features include utilization of both input and output flow data and elimination of subjective estimation as much as possible. Flow rate data from existing surveys were used for estimating the flow of used PCs in Japan for fiscal years (FY) 2000, 2001, and 2004. The results show that 3.92 million and 4.88 million used PCs were discarded in FY 2000 and 2001, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of the discarded PCs were disposed of or recycled within the country, one-fourth was reused within the country, and 8% were exported. In FY 2004, 7.47 million used PCs were discarded. The ratio of domestic disposal and recycling decreased to 37% in FY 2004, whereas the domestic reuse and export ratios increased to 37% and 26%, respectively. Flows from businesses to retailers in FY 2004 increased dramatically, which led to increased domestic reuse. An increase in the flow of used PCs from lease and rental companies to secondhand shops has led to increased exports. Results of interviews with members of PC reuse companies were and trade statistics were used to verify the results of our estimation of domestic reuse and export of used PCs. 相似文献
67.
Masahiro Miura Atsushi Shimahata Toshio Nishikawa Masakazu Aoyama Kiyoshi Tada Junichi Horiuchi Masahiro Nakahara Chikara Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(1):80-83
To prepare a substrate for microbial conversion of xylose into xylitol, the culm of Sasa senanensis was hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid. When the reaction temperature was fixed at 121°C, an optimum yield of xylose was
obtained by treatment with 2% sulfuric acid for 1 h. An increase in the sulfuric acid concentration or a prolonged reaction
time resulted in a decrease in the xylose yield. A fermentable substrate with a relatively high xylose concentration (36.7
g l−1) was obtained by hydrolysis with 2% sulfuric acid with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5 g g−1. During hydrolysis at elevated temperatures, certain undesired byproducts were also generated, such as degradation products
of solubilized sugars and lignin, which are potential inhibitors of microbial metabolism. These compounds were, however, successfully
removed from the hydrolysate by treatment with activated char. 相似文献
68.
Noriyoshi Kakuta Atsushi Shimizu Hironobu Ohkita Takanori Mizushima 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):23-26
The dehydrochlorination behavior of plasticizer (DOP) and inorganic filler (CaCO3) contained in PVC samples and the properties of the activated carbons produced from those carbon residues have been investigated.
In the dehydrochlorination process, both additives contributed not only to a decrease in HCl yield but also to the prolonged
evolution of HCl. Part of the Cl species were observed to be stabilized as CaCl2 by reaction with calcium ions when CaCO3 was added. More than 80% of chlorine removal was achieved in all samples at 533 K. The use of potassium as an activation
agent led to the production of activated carbon with a specific surface area greater than 1000 m2/g at the low temperature of 1023 K and assisted also in the elimination of residual Cl species by the formation of KCl during
activation.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献
69.
Takahiro Ishizaka Susumu Tohno Chang-Jin Ma Atsushi Morikawa Masaki Takaoka Fumitaka Nishiyama Kouhei Yamamoto 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(16):2550-2560
During the transboundary transport of anthropogenic heavy metals by mineral particles providing reaction sites, the divalent metal salt PbSO4 can be converted to PbCO3 in the presence of water. We carried out laboratory experiments to study the transformation process under various conditions by incorporating test particles comprising CaCO3 of a particulate mineral component, PbSO4, and NaCl. After the immersion of PbSO4 particles in contact with CaCO3 particles in a water droplet, the conversion of PbSO4 into PbCO3 was confirmed by the change in morphology of the original particles to stick or needle form; the percentages of the chemical forms relative to the total Pb were determined by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis. Approximately 60–80% of PbSO4 was converted to PbCO3 after 24 h. A small amount of stick particles was detected when NaCl particles attached to PbSO4/CaCO3 particles were exposed to air with a relative humidity (RH) of 80–90% for 24 h. XANES measurements of the samples revealed that the molar percentage of PbCO3 relative to the total Pb content was 4%.Field experiments were also conducted to determine the chemical forms of the Pb particles during the Kosa (Asian dust storm) event. Samples were collected from two remote sites in Japan and Korea. The mass size distribution of Pb aerosols collected in Japan was bimodal with two peaks in the coarse mode; the enrichment factor of Pb suggested that its source was anthropogenic. Pb L3 edge XANES measurements of both samples indicated that they had similar shapes. These measurements also indicated that the major Pb components for the samples collected in Japan were PbO, PbSO4 PbCl2, and PbCO3, with molar percentages of 44%, 30%, 21%, and 5%, respectively. No significant differences were found between the component ratios of the samples collected in Japan and Korea, suggesting that definite transformation did not occur during the transport of the Kosa particles from Korea to Japan. On the basis of these observations, we postulate that the transformation process either occurred mainly before the particles arrived at Korea or did not take place after the particles left continental Asia. 相似文献
70.
Osamu Abe Wenshou Wei Masao Mikami Kenji Kosugi Junrong Xu Takeshi Sato Mingzhe Liu Masujiro Shimizu Atsushi Sato 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(3-6):3-13
Four automatic weather stations (AWS) were installed on the slopes and foot areas of the Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains along
a longitude of 80 degrees east: (1) Taglak 2400 m a.s.l., (2) Aksu 1000 m, (3) Kartash 2800 m, and (4) Qira 1700 m. These
two slopes face the Taklimakan Desert. Tagliak lies on the southern slope of Tianshan, and Kartash on the northern slope of
Kunlun. The meteorological characteristics of the mountainous regions were investigated using surface data obtained during
an intensive observation period (IOP) in spring 2002. It was found that visibility on the slopes decreases in the daytime,
and there is no relationship between visibility and wind speed in the mountainous areas. Two snow layers containing dust particles
were observed in the snow cover in Taglak during the IOP in spring 2003. These results suggest that a warm air parcel containing
aeolian dust climbs over the slopes of the mountainous areas, and dust particles in the mountainous areas are transported
from the foot areas. 相似文献