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211.
Kinetic extractions to assess mobilization of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd in a metal-contaminated soil: EDTA vs. citrate 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Labanowski J Monna F Bermond A Cambier P Fernandez C Lamy I van Oort F 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(3):693-701
Kinetic EDTA and citrate extractions were used to mimic metal mobilization in a soil contaminated by metallurgical fallout. Modeling of metal removal rates vs. time distinguished two metal pools: readily labile (QM1) and less labile (QM2). In citrate extractions, total extractability (QM1+QM2) of Zn and Cd was proportionally higher than for Pb and Cu. Proportions of Pb and Cu extracted with EDTA were three times higher than when using citrate. We observed similar QM1/QM2 ratios for Zn and Cu regardless of the extractant, suggesting comparable binding energies to soil constituents. However, for Pb and Cd, more heterogeneous binding energies were hypothesized to explain different kinetic extraction behaviors. Proportions of citrate-labile metals were found consistent with their short-term, in-situ mobility assessed in the studied soil, i.e., metal amount released in the soil solution or extracted by cultivated plants. Kinetic EDTA extractions were hypothesized to be more predictive for long-term metal migration with depth. 相似文献
212.
Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in raw cow's milk collected in France in 2006 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. A French national survey was carried out in April 2006 to assess the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) in raw cow's milk. A random sampling scheme stratified by region was applied to collect 239 raw milk samples from 93 plants belonging to 17 dairy companies. Compared to a previous survey led in 1998 analyzing half-skimmed drinking milk in France, the PCDD/Fs level was cut by half, with an average concentration of 0.33 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ)/g fat in 2006. The mean DL-PCBs concentration was 0.57 pg TEQ/g fat and subsequently the sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was 0.90 pg/g fat, values below the thresholds defined by the European Union regulations. 相似文献
213.
Combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation for pesticide degradation: effect of photo-treated intermediates on biodegradation kinetics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ballesteros Martín MM Sánchez Pérez JA Acién Fernández FG Casas López JL García-Ripoll AM Arques A Oller I Malato Rodríguez S 《Chemosphere》2008,70(8):1476-1483
Biodegradability of a partially photo-oxidized pesticide mixture is demonstrated and the effect of photo-Fenton treatment time on growth and substrate consumption of the bacteria Pseudomonas putida CECT 324 is shown. Four commercial pesticides, laition, metasystox, sevnol and ultracid, usually employed in citric orchards in eastern Spain, were chosen for these experiments. The active ingredients are, respectively, dimethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, carbaryl and methidathion. Judging by biomass measurements, dissolved organic carbon measurements and biodegradation efficiency, it may be concluded that 90min相似文献
214.
Mateos S Daza P Domínguez I Cárdenas JA Cortés F 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):590-593
A field study was carried out in the south of the Iberian Peninsula in an industrial area in the neighbourhood of Huelva city, SW Spain, and in a natural area (Do?ana National Park) for comparison, to estimate the genetic risk induced by environmental pollution in wild mice. Genotoxic effects in a sentinel organism, the Algerian mice (Mus spretus) free living in the industrial area were compared with animals of the same species living in the natural protected area. The single cell gel electrophoresis, or Comet assay, was performed as a genotoxicity test in peripheral blood of mice. Our results clearly show that mice free living in the contaminated area bear a high burden of genetic damage as compared with control individuals. The results suggest that the assessing of genotoxicity levels by the Comet assay in wild mice can be used as a valuable test in pollution monitoring and environmental conservation. 相似文献
215.
Analysis of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the River Po watershed in N-Italy 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Loos R Locoro G Huber T Wollgast J Christoph EH de Jager A Manfred Gawlik B Hanke G Umlauf G Zaldívar JM 《Chemosphere》2008,71(2):306-313
C7-C11 perfluorinated carboxylates (PFACs) and perfluorooctansulfonate (PFOS) were analysed in selected stretches of the River Po and its major tributaries. Analyses were performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges and methanol elution followed by LC-MS-MS detection using 13C-labelled internal standards. High concentration levels ( approximately 1.3 microg l(-1)) of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected in the Tánaro River close to the city Alessandria. After this tributary, levels between 60 and 337 ng l(-1) were measured in the Po River on several occasions. The PFOA concentration close to the river mouth in Ferrara was between 60 and 174 ng l(-1). Using the river discharge flow data in m3 s(-1) at this point (average approximately 920 m3 s(-1) for the year 2006), a mass load of approximately 0.3 kg PFOA per hour or approximately 2.6 tons per year discharged in the Adriatic Sea has been calculated. PFOS concentration levels in the Po River at Ferrara were approximately 10 ng l(-1). 相似文献
216.
Comparison of arsenic resistance in Mediterranean woody shrubs used in restoration activities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Myrtus communis, Arbutus unedo and Retama sphaerocarpa are Mediterranean shrubs widely used in revegetation of semiarid degraded soils. The aim of this work is to study the resistance of these plants to arsenic under controlled conditions, in order to evaluate their potential use in revegetation and/or phytoremediation of As-polluted soils. R. sphaerocarpa showed higher resistance to As than M. communis or A. unedo according to its higher EC50, P status and P/As molar ratio in both, roots and shoots, and the lower increases in lipid peroxidation and decrease of chlorophyll levels in response to arsenic, while the highest arsenate sensitivity was obtained for A. unedo. Arsenic was mainly retained in roots, and, although M. communis accumulated higher arsenic amounts than the other two species, R. sphaerocarpa showed the highest root to shoot transfer. Most of the studied parameters (chlorophylls, MDA and total thiols) showed significant correlation with arsenic concentration in roots and leaves of plants, so they can be useful indexes in the diagnosis of arsenic toxicity in these species. According to our results, both M. communis and R. sphaerocarpa could be used in the revegetation of moderately arsenic contaminated sites. 相似文献
217.
Alonso E Tapie N Budzinski H Leménach K Peluhet L Tarazona JV 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(1):31-40
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organic pollutants have been increasingly assessed and modeled during the last years. Due to the complexity of these processes and the large variability of food webs, setting generic assessments for these parameters is really difficult. Equilibrium models, based on a compound's lipophylicity, are the main tool in regulatory proposals, such as for identifying Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Substances (PBTs), although a refinement has been claimed by the scientific community. Toxicokinetic studies offer an alternative for these estimations, where biomagnification is modeled as a succession of bioaccumulation processes, each one regulated by toxicokinetic parameters. METHODS: A review of kinetic models covering species belonging to different trophic levels and with different ecological behavior has been conducted. The results were employed for setting a conceptual model for estimating the biomagnification potential in a generic food web, which was mathematically implemented through system dynamic models developed under data sheet software. Crystal Ball was then employed for allowing Monte Carlo based probabilistic calculations. Bioaccumulation laboratory assays have been performed to estimate toxicokinetic parameters in mussels (Mytilus edulis) with two PAHs (chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene). The contamination was delivered via food. The exposure period lasted more than one month followed then by a depuration phase. The contaminant content was determined on an individual basis on five replicates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:. The reviewed information suggested the development of a tiered conceptual biomagnification model, starting with a simplified food chain which can be refined to more realistic and complex models in successive levels. CONCLUSIONS: The mathematical implementation of the conceptual model offers tools for estimating the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of chemicals under very different conditions. The versatility of the model can be used for both comparative estimations and for validating the model. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Since bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes are crucial elements for a proper risk assessment of chemicals, their estimation by mathematical models has been widely tested. However, inregulatory assessments, too simplistic models are still being used quite often. The biomagnification model presented in this study should be amore accurate alternative to these models. In comparison to other previously published biomagnification models, the present one covers the time variation of bioaccumulation using just a few toxicokinetic parameters. 相似文献
218.
The mechanisms of the interactions between Fe(III) aquacomplexes and surfactants were investigated; three alkylbenzenzsulfonates, two surfactants (octylbenzenesulfonate (OBS) and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS)), and a shorter derivative (ethylbenzenesulfonate (EBS)) were studied. The results with OBS show evidence for three different ways in which Fe(III) interferes with the surfactant: the widely described flocculation process, complexation of Fe(OH)2+ (aquacomplexes) by the surfactant, and a redox reaction. The formation of a weak complex is maximum for a ratio of three between the monomeric aquacomplex [FeOH(H2O)5]2+ and OBS. In the presence of oxygen, an intramolecular redox reaction occurs inside the complex. The interaction between commercial DBS and Fe(III) was also investigated. Immediate precipitation occurred, mainly involving derivatives of higher molecular weights that are contained in the DBS samples. The constituents with the shortest alkyl chain were not affected by the presence of Fe(III) as it was also observed with EBS. 相似文献
219.
Levels of perfluorochemicals in water samples from Catalonia,Spain: is drinking water a significant contribution to human exposure? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ericson I Nadal M van Bavel B Lindström G Domingo JL 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):614-619
Background, aim, and scope In recent years, due to a high persistence, biomagnification in food webs, presence in remote regions, and potential toxicity,
perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have generated a considerable interest. The present study was aimed to determine the levels of perfluorooctane
sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other PFCs in drinking water (tap and bottled) and river water samples
from Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain).
Materials and methods Municipal drinking (tap) water samples were collected from the four most populated towns in the Tarragona Province, whereas
samples of bottled waters were purchased from supermarkets. River water samples were collected from the Ebro (two samples),
Cortiella, and Francolí Rivers. After pretreatment, PFC analyses were performed by HPLC-MS. Quantification was done using
the internal standard method, with recoveries between 68% and 118%.
Results In tap water, PFOS and PFOA levels ranged between 0.39 and 0.87 ng/L (0.78 and 1.74 pmol/L) and between 0.32 and 6.28 ng/L
(0.77 and 15.2 pmol/L), respectively. PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFNA were also other detected PFCs. PFC levels were notably lower
in bottled water, where PFOS could not be detected in any sample. Moreover, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFOSA, and PFDA
could be detected in the river water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were between <0.24 and 5.88 ng/L (<0.48 and 11.8 pmol/L)
and between <0.22 and 24.9 ng/L (<0.53 and 60.1 pmol/L), respectively.
Discussion Assuming a human water consumption of 2 L per day, the daily intake of PFOS and PFOA by the population of the area under evaluation
was calculated (0.78–1.74 and 12.6 ng, respectively). It was found that drinking water might be a source of exposure to PFCs
as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants.
Conclusions The contribution of drinking water (tap and bottled) to the human daily intake of various PFCs has been compared for the first
time with data from dietary intake of these PFCs. It was noted that in certain cases, drinking water can be a source of exposure
to PFCs as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants although the current concentrations were similar or lower than
those reported in the literature for surface water samples from a number of regions and countries.
Recommendations and perspectives Further studies should be carried out in order to increase the knowledge of the role of drinking water in human exposure to
PFCs. 相似文献
220.
Pambrun V Marquot A Racault Y 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):592-599
Background, aims, and scope Sometimes, urban wastewaters convey a more or less significant part of toxic products from industries or the craft industry.
Nitrifying activity can be affected by these substances, implying higher ammonia concentrations in the outlet effluent and
contributing to toxicity for the aquatic environment. Moreover, the more stringently treated wastewater standards now require
a reliable treatment for nitrogen. One of the key issues is the identification of the inhibition behavior of nitrifying bacteria
facing a toxic substance. This new understanding could then finally be integrated into models in order to represent and to
optimize wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operation in cases involving ‘toxic scenarios’.
Materials and methods The toxic substances studied in this work, cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol (3.5-DCP), are representative of chemical substances
commonly found in municipal sewage and industrial effluents and symbolize two different contaminant groups. The effects of
Cd and 3.5-DCP on nitrification kinetics have been investigated using respirometry techniques.
Results IC50 values determination gives concentrations of 3.1 mg/L for 3.5-DCP and 45.8 mg/L for Cd at 21 ± 1°C. The variation to
low temperature seems to have no real effect on IC50 for DCP, but induces a decrease of cadmium IC50 to 27.5 mg/L at 14°C.
Finally, specific respirometric tests have been carried out in order to determine the potential effect of these toxic substances
on the nitrifying decay rate b
a
. No significant effect has been noticed for Cd, whereas the presence of 3.5-DCP (at IC50 concentration) induced a dramatic
increase of b
a
at 20°C. The same behavior has been confirmed by experiments performed in winter periods with a sludge temperature around
12°C.
Discussion The target substances have different modes of action on activity and mortality, notably due to the abilities of the contaminant
to be precipitated, accumulated, or even to be progressively degraded. Studies realized at low temperature confirmed this
assumption, and put in evidence the effect of temperature on toxic substances capable of being biosorbed. However, the change
in the sludge sample characteristics can be pointed out as a problem in the investigation of the temperature effect on nitrification
inhibition, as biosorption, bioaccumulation, and predation are directly linked to the sludge characteristics (VSS concentration,
temperature) and the plant operating conditions (loading rates, sludge age, etc.).
Conclusions This work brings new understandings concerning the action mode of these specific contaminants on nitrifying bacteria and,
in particular, on the role of temperature. The experiments lead to the determination of the IC50 values for both toxic substances
on biological nitrification. The inhibition mechanisms of Cd and 3.5-DCP on nitrifying activity have been simply represented
by a non-competitive inhibition model.
Recommendations and perspectives Other experiments carried out in a continuous lab-scale pilot plant should be done with a proper control of the operating
conditions and of the sludge characteristics in order to better understand the mechanisms of nitrification inhibition for
each contaminant. Finally, these first results show that toxic substances can have an effect on the growth rate but also on
the decay rate, depending on the characteristics of the toxic substance and the sludge. This eventual double effect would
imply different strategies of WWTP operation according to the behavior of the contaminant on the bacteria. 相似文献