加拿大科迪勒拉地区脉金矿床的两种成因

<正> 引言加拿大科迪勒拉地区脉金矿床的地质学和地球化学研究表明,该区至少存在着低温热液和中温热液两类金矿化。两类矿化出现在各种外来地块中,在时代上形成于侏罗纪至第三纪之间。因而,加拿大科迪勒拉地区提供了研究在时间和空间上重合的两种不同金矿类型的机     

厄加勒斯滩磷块岩:关于近100年研究的概述

引言 1873年查林杰号(HMS Challenger)(Murray和Renard,1891)从厄加勒斯滩捞取了岩化的磷酸盐沉积物(磷块岩),这是现代海的首次发现。虽然,此后世界其他几个地方如加利福尼亚、佛罗里达、秘鲁、智利、澳大利亚、新西兰和西北非洲也有发现,但是,对于这种所谓的磷块岩结核     

北海斯卡格拉克东部碳酸盐沉积物的破坏性成岩作用

<正> 岩石学的饱和度测量在浅海水里,碳酸盐沉积物的溶解作用是一个有争议而且了解很少的作用,这一现象最近已经在北海斯卡格拉克地区发现(Alexanderson,1957,1976)。沿瑞典海岸的海岸群岛,研究了0—40米深度的滨外钙质砂的溶解作用和100—150米深度的近     

消除酒槽废液污染及其能量回收

为了防止酒槽废液进入作业区,一九八一年六月在泰国曼谷建起了一间处理洒槽废液的工厂。蒸馏车间所安装的处理设备是世界上第一套处理甘蔗糖蜜酒槽废液的设备。     

金伯利岩同源包体的形成及其成因

<正> 在金伯利岩的变种当中,同源包体角砾岩占有特殊的地位。它们的形态特点是存在有各种形成体——同源包体,同源包体在岩石中的含量一般为5—30％。同源包体的形成体就是金伯利岩中的球状和椭球状的金伯利岩包体,它们与其周围的金伯利岩母体在充填基斑晶和矿物的结构、比例和尺寸上以及总的化学成分和一系列稀有元素的含量上都是不同的。对于同源包体的告石学描述,在等(1959,1964)、(1962)、(1967)、(1976)和C.R.Clement(1973)的著作中均可查阅到。同源包体     

辉长岩与伴生花岗岩类成因联系的岩石化学标准

在贫水花岗岩类系列(辉长岩-花岗岩、英云辉长岩-花岗闪长岩及石英二长岩-花岗岩)的主要类型中,辉长岩类形成较早,其数量从第一类型到最后娄型逐渐减少。不同研究人员对于辉长岩类在上述系列中起的作用评价不一。本文作者基于上述各类型岩石化学分析,提出如下看法,在辉长岩(这是花岗岩类系列母体岩浆的结晶产物)的辉长岩-花岗岩伴生类型以及在英云辉长岩-花岗闪长岩组合中,辉长岩或是早期结晶相的积聚集合体,或者是这些早期结晶相与原来的安山质岩浆发生混染所形成的。     

The effects of selected NOx reduction scenarios on long-term nitrogen deposition and episodic ozone levels in Europe

For computational reasons, evaluations of NO(x) emission controls usually concentrate on either episodic or annual impacts on pollution or deposition levels. However, previously published model results indicate that the consequences of NO(x) controls can be quite different on these different time scales. In this paper we analyse the impact of a consistent set of NO(x) control scenarios on both the episodic and annual time-scales. Using similar models, we compute levels of episode peak O(3) and NO(2) and annual NO(y)-N and total N deposition at three locations in Europe due to six emission scenarios derived from OECD estimates. An NO(x) control scenario which reduces European emissions by 63%, only results in total annual N deposition reductions of 19, 36 and 26% at the three locations examined because of the influence of ammonia-nitrogen deposition. The same scenario results in either increases or decreases in episode peak O(3) due to the influence of hydrocarbons. Emission reduction strategies should take into account not only NO(x) emissions, but emissions of other pollutants, such as hydrocarbons and ammonia.     

加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省布卢柏尔矿区铅锌矿的气液包裹体和同位素研究

在布卢柏尔(Bluebell)铅锌矿,其90％以上的矿体是作为布卢柏尔灰岩的交代产物出现的,灰岩厚度为100—150呎,时代属寒武纪早期。并且经受了强烈的区域变质作用。矿是沿裂隙分布的,并与煌斑岩有关。     

Investigation of nitrogen-bearing species in catalytic steam gasification of poultry litter

The production of broiler chickens has become one of the largest sectors in U.S. agriculture, and the growing demand for poultry has led to an annual production growth rate of 5%. With increased demand for poultry, litter management has become a major challenge in the agriculture industry. Although the catalytic steam gasification has been accepted as a possible and feasible method for litter management, concern has been expressed about the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus containing species in the fuel gas and/or in the final solid residue. The possible release of phosphorus as phosphine gas in the fuel gas can have an adverse impact on the environment. Similarly, possible release of ammonia from the nitrogen containing species is also not acceptable. Hence, under partial U.S. Department of Agriculture support, a study was conducted to examine the fate and the environmental impact of the nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing species released during catalytic steam gasification of poultry litter. From various preliminary tests, it was concluded that most (approximately 100%) of the phosphorus would remain in the residue, and some (20-70%) of the nitrogen would end up as ammonia in the fuel gas. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and type of catalyst on ammonia liberation were studied in a muffled furnace setup at atmospheric pressure. The fraction of nitrogen released as ammonia was found to decrease with an increase in temperature during pyrolysis and steam gasification. It also decreased with an increase in catalyst loading.     

Performance of semipermeable membrane devices for sampling of organic contaminants in groundwater

Lipid-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are receiving increasing attention as passive, in situ samplers for the assessment of environmental pollutant exposure. Although SPMDs have been successfully used in a variety of field studies in surface waters, only a few studies have addressed their characteristics as groundwater samplers. In this study, the performance of the SPMDs for monitoring organic contaminants in groundwater was evaluated in a pilot field application in an area severely contaminated by chemical waste, especially by chlorinated hydrocarbons. The spatial distribution of hydrophobic groundwater contaminants was assessed using a combination of passive sampling with SPMDs and non-target semiquantitative GC-MS analysis. More than 100 contaminants were identified and semiquantitatively determined in SPMD samples. Along the 6 field sites under investigation, a large concentration gradient was observed, which confirms a very limited mobility of hydrophobic substances in dissolved form in the aquifer. The in situ extraction potential of the SPMD is limited by groundwater flow, when the exchange volume of well water during an exposure is lower than the SPMD clearance volume for the analytes. This study demonstrates that SPMDs present a useful tool for sampling and analyzing of groundwater polluted with complex mixtures of hydrophobic chemicals and provides guidance for further development of passive sampling technology for groundwater.