斯莱夫-邱吉尔碰撞构造

对加拿大地盾的斯莱夫(Slave)克拉通(最后的主要变形～2500百万年)和邱吉尔(Churcill)克拉通(最后的主要变形～1740百万年)西部的碰撞,这里用大体类似的平板凹入模型作了定性的解释。该模型成功地预测了该碰撞带一些大规模的变形特征。麦肯齐(Mckenzie)用一个硬骰子撞击软金属板近似地描述了非洲板块(阿拉伯     

矿化花岗岩及其成因

<正> 对于花岗岩成因及其伴生矿化之间的关系的解释,导致建立一个使科学家能够区别矿化与“无矿”花岗岩的标准。本文回顾了本研究领域最近,尤其是在国际地质对比计划26号专题——“与酸性岩浆作用伴生的矿化作用”——开展以来在野外、分析及实验方面的进展。作者提出了几种模式来解释形成工业矿床的锡及其伴生金属的运移和沉淀的过程。     

与含矿性有关的花岗岩类建造的时代系列中地球化学演化的研究(以中哈萨克斯坦为例)

<正> 现今已积累了各地区花岗岩类中稀有元素和成矿元素分布特征的大量资料。数据的加工通常在於计算不同地区花岗岩类或某些侵入杂岩和岩体的元素平均含量,然后将计算的平均值与全球性克拉克值,或与其他地区同类侵入岩的含量进行对比,以便查明地块、个别建造、杂岩及岩体的地球化学专属性。在研究少量元素的行为时,很少考虑它们与造岩氧化物的关系,也很少注意成矿元素和稀有元素在侵入杂岩和岩     

旅游业:对气候敏感的行业

1988年,世界气象组织与联合国环境规划署共同成立一个政府间气候变化专家委员会（IPCC）来评价气候变化（全球变暖）的潜在影响。世界气象组织也协调了特别适用于旅游业社会经济规划与运行的、与气候有关的方法的大气研究与开发。在国家层次上,已经出现几项关于气候变化潜在影响的研究与评价。国家气象服务部门通过提供一般信息和专门天气预报,有助于缓解气候变化的潜在有害影响。本文第二部分评论了加拿大大气环境服务局（AES）的工作。     

声和热试验设备

提出了将高级半人马号最终飞行构型暴露在强烈的声和高热环境中的要求。为满足这一要求,建造了一台大型的声和热试验设备。该设备由一个1840.8m~3的混响室和一台安放在单净化环境设备中的1316.9m~3热箱组成。     

减少氯代溶剂的消费:每年70吨一个样板—穆里涅公司(Moulinex)

对于大批生产烘、烤、炸器具所需要的金属脱脂,穆里涅公司使用了Atochem公司开发的、商品名为Altene D6的三氯乙烯溶剂。对设备和脱脂操作方法的研究,使得溶剂的消耗减少了大约60％,也减少了溶剂向工作场所的排放。     

印度拉贾斯坦Phalwadi-Positara地区白钨矿、辉钼矿、钼钨钙矿和硅铍钇矿的新产状

<正> 在印度拉贾斯坦Phalwadi-Positara地区的Erinpura花岗岩及其伴生的酸性岩脉中现已圈出白钨矿、辉钼矿、钼钨钙矿和硅铍钇矿的重要矿化点。 1975年在区域地球化学勘探过程中,在该地区部分地方发现了含钨、锡的流水异常。本简讯就是根据随后的野外研究及对一些地质单元的紫外线检查和地球化学取样做出的。     

A resource-depletion model of forest insect outbreaks

Detailed analyses of thresholded ecological interactions can improve our understanding of the transition from aperiodic to periodic dynamics. We develop a threshold model of the population dynamics of outbreaking bark beetle populations that alternate between non-epidemic and epidemic behavior. The model involves accumulation of resources during low-density periods and depletion during outbreaks. The transition between the two regimes is caused by disturbance events in the form of major tree felling by wind. The model is analyzed with particular reference to the population dynamics of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Scandinavia for which a comprehensive literature allows full parameterization. The fairly constant outbreak lengths and the highly variable waiting time between outbreaks that are seen in the historical records of this species agree well with the predictions of the model. The thresholded resource-depletion dynamics result in substantial variation in the degree of periodicity between stochastic realizations. The completely aperiodic tree colonizations are partly predictable when the timing of the irregular windfall events are known. However, the predictability of inter-outbreak periods is low due to the large variation of cases falling most frequently in the middle between the extremes of purely nonperiodic (erratic) and periodic (cyclic) fluctuations.     

Estimating species richness and accumulation by modeling species occurrence and detectability

A statistical model is developed for estimating species richness and accumulation by formulating these community-level attributes as functions of model-based estimators of species occurrence while accounting for imperfect detection of individual species. The model requires a sampling protocol wherein repeated observations are made at a collection of sample locations selected to be representative of the community. This temporal replication provides the data needed to resolve the ambiguity between species absence and nondetection when species are unobserved at sample locations. Estimates of species richness and accumulation are computed for two communities, an avian community and a butterfly community. Our model-based estimates suggest that detection failures in many bird species were attributed to low rates of occurrence, as opposed to simply low rates of detection. We estimate that the avian community contains a substantial number of uncommon species and that species richness greatly exceeds the number of species actually observed in the sample. In fact, predictions of species accumulation suggest that even doubling the number of sample locations would not have revealed all of the species in the community. In contrast, our analysis of the butterfly community suggests that many species are relatively common and that the estimated richness of species in the community is nearly equal to the number of species actually detected in the sample. Our predictions of species accumulation suggest that the number of sample locations actually used in the butterfly survey could have been cut in half and the asymptotic richness of species still would have been attained. Our approach of developing occurrence-based summaries of communities while allowing for imperfect detection of species is broadly applicable and should prove useful in the design and analysis of surveys of biodiversity.     

Extrinsic and intrinsic controls of zooplankton diversity in lakes

Pelagic crustacean zooplankton were collected from 336 Norwegian lakes covering a wide range of latitude, altitude, lake area, mean depth, production (as chlorophyll a), and fish community structure. Mean zooplankton species richness during the ice-free season was generally low at high latitudes and altitudes. Further, lower species richness was recorded in western lakes, possibly reflecting constraints on migration and dispersal. However, despite obvious spatial limitations, geographic boundaries were only weak predictors of mean zooplankton richness. Similarly, lake surface area did not contribute positively to mean richness such as seen in other ecosystem surveys. Rather, intrinsic factors such as primary production and fish community (planktivore) structure were identified by regression analysis as the major predictors of zooplankton diversity, while a positive correlation was observed between species richness and total zooplankton biomass. However, in spite of a large number of variables included in this study, the predictive power of multiple regression models was modest (<50% variance explained), pointing to a major role for within-lake properties, as yet unidentified intrinsic forces, stochasticity, or dispersal as constraints on zooplankton diversity in these lakes.