汞在鲤鱼组织中的蓄积、排出与血流速度的关系

本试验在10±1℃、不喂食条件下测定鲤鱼在30天受汞毒期间鳃、脑和肝胰脏蓄积汞和尾鳍微血管血流速度及30天解毒期间排出汞和血流速度的变化。试验结果:受毒期间鳃中汞的蓄积量最多,解毒期间鳃中汞的排出速度最快;受毒期间血流速度随受毒时间的延长而减慢,又随试验浓度的增高而减慢,解毒期间血流速度随解毒时间的延长而加快;受毒期间高浓度试验组鱼鳃、脑和肝胰脏中汞的蓄积量与血流速度呈负相关,解毒期间鱼鳃中汞的排出量与血流速度呈正相关,汞的浓度与血流速度呈负相关。     

《中国环境科学》—中国科协1997年度、1998年度择优支持专项资助期刊

中国科协本着择优支持的原则，自１９９７年决定对中国科协所属全国性学会、协会、研究会主办的优秀基础性和高科技学术期刊给予专项经费资助，重点资助那些能够代表我国基础研究学术水平、与国民经济发展战略密切相关、在国内外有较大影响的基础性和高科技的学术期刊．《中国环境科学》继获中国科协１９９７年度择优支持专项资助经费后，１９９８年再度成为中国科协择优支持的基础性和高科技学术期刊之一．１９９７—１９９８年，《中国环境科学》编辑部利用此项经费提高了期刊纸张规格，并将版面增至１００页．１９９９年，《中国环境科学…     

挪威芬马克省西部比约瓦格铜-金矿床

<正> 引言 比约瓦格(Bidjovagge)矿床位于挪威北部芬马克省考托克诺(Kautokeino)村西北约40公里处(图1)。矿化产于Caskias群的绿岩中。绿岩带的时代,一般认为属瑞科卡累利阿期,但近来经芬兰人的工作(G.Gaal等,1978),认为基提拉(Kittil)绿岩杂岩应属太古代。     

保护环境免受化学性致癌物质污染的迫切问题

目前,大概没有哪一类疾病能够象恶性肿瘤那样引起人们的如此重视。这一方面是因为恶性肿瘤的广泛发生和后果严重,另一方面则是因为有可能对这种疾病实行卫生学方面的早期予防。艾克霍姆(Eckholm)1977年报导:关于癌的主要病因已经了解得相当清楚,完全可以通过个人和全社会的努力大大减少本病的死亡率。因为大多数恶性肿瘤的发生(近70％)都同外界因素的作用有关。     

碳酸岩和受变质沉积碳酸盐岩的同位素相互作用的特点

<正> 研究来自地幔的岩浆和溶液与地壳岩石相互作用时的同位素交换过程,是同位素地质学的现实问题之一。地幔岩浆作用的产物在地壳条件下的同位素混染,以及地幔岩浆和热液对地壳围岩同位素平衡的影响,是解决许多岩石学概念的关键。它们也是同位素地球化学中目     

Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of heavy metals from zinc mine tailings

A study was conducted to test the effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of heavy metals in a zinc mine tailings containing soil to plants, using the Indian mustard plant (Brassica juncea) as a test organism. Zinc mine tailing containing soil was amended with humus soil (HS) and phosphatic clay (PC). The zinc mine tailing containing soil (ZMTS) was characterized for heavy metals. It was mixed with PC and HS, and four mixtures were prepared. The first mixture contained ZMTS, and served as a control. The second mixture contained ZMTS and PC in the ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The third mixture contained ZMTS and HS in the ratio of 1:1(w/w). The fourth mixture containing ZMTS, PC and HS in the ratio of (2:1:1) (w/w). A slight increase in the bioavailability of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn was noticed with increase in the incubation time from 14 to 42 days. The bioavailability of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn from ZMTS alone in Brassica plant was in the range of 94-99% up to 42 days. Addition of PC and HS to the ZMTS soil reduced the bioavailabilities of Pb by (15%), of Cu by (20%), of Zn by (20%) and of Mn by (25%) in the mustard plant. The data showed that PC in the presence of HS had a high affinity for the heavy metals in the order of Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn.     

Effect of surface incorporation of broiler litter applied to no-till cotton on runoff quality

Surface application of broiler litter to no-till cotton could lead to degradation of water quality. Incorporation of broiler litter into the top surface soil (0.05 m) could alleviate this risk. A 2-yr field study was conducted on a silt loam upland soil to determine the effect of incorporation of broiler litter into the soil surface on nutrient and bacterial transport in runoff. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four treatments and three replications. Treatments were (i) unfertilized control; (ii) surface-appliedbroiler litter at 7.8 Mg ha(-1) without incorporation; (iii) surface-applied broiler litter at 7.8 Mg ha(-1) with immediate incorporation; and (iv) inorganic fertilizer N (urea ammonium nitrate, 32% N) and inorganic fertilizer P (triple superphosphate) at the recommended rate. Phosphorus was surface appliedat 25 kg ha(-1) and N was injected at 101 kg ha(-1) into the soil using a commercial liquid fertilizer applicator. Runoff was collected from small runoff plots (2.4 m by 1.6 m) established at the bottom side of main plots (13.7 m by 6.0 m). Incorporation of broiler litter reduced total N (TN), NO3-N, water soluble P (WSP), and total P (TP) concentrations in runoffby 35, 25, 61, and 64%, respectively, and litter-associated bacteria by two to three orders of magnitude compared with unincorporated treatment. No significant difference in total suspended solids (TSS) in runoffwas obtained between incorporated and unincorporated treatments. Incorporation of broiler litter into the surface soil in the no-till system immediately after application minimized the potential risk for surface nutrient losses and bacteria transport in runoff.     

Composting olive mill pomace and other residues from rural southeastern Spain

The costly disposal of the semisolid residual pomace generated in the two phase extraction used in modern olive mills is causing serious problems to the small oil producers of rural southeastern Spain. Composting may be a viable alternative since complementary residues are usually available in these areas to prepare an adequate starting mixture. In this work, four different combinations of residues (pomace+rabbit manure, pomace+sheep manure, pomace+rabbit manure+rice straw, pomace+rabbit manure+almond shells) were composted in 3 ton piles aerated by turnings, using technology available to any small community of oil producers. During the four long processes (9-10 months), a steady decrease of organic matter and increases in the concentrations of nutrient and humic substances were observed, together with large increases in pH and salinity which may reduce the agronomic value of the final products.     

有害农药侵袭原始生态系统

一些发展中国家仍在使用一些有害的、禁用的农药,如DDT等.世界上一些原始生态系统将受到损害.尽管大多数国家已禁用DDT,其大气沉降仍然在损害世界边远地区.例如,非洲和印度较高的气温使DDT蒸发并以降水形式落到了奥地利阿尔卑斯山区,这一过程称作“全球性蒸馏”.这是一项新的国际调查透露的.阿尔卑斯山区周围环境像一块磁铁那样吸引这些有毒污染物.因斯布鲁克大学教授Roland Psenner最近说:“DDT从较暖地区开始循环并在较冷地区降落.我们知道在极地区域有DDT踪影,但不知道它们在比利牛斯山脉和阿尔卑斯山也常见.”Psenner说,虽然DD…     

Sorption and degradation of pesticides in nursery recycling ponds

Knowledge of pesticide distribution and persistence in nursery recycling pond water and sediment is critical for preventing phytotoxicity of pesticides during water reuse and to assess their impacts to the environment. In this study, sorption and degradation of four commonly used pesticides (diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and pendimethalin) in sediments from two nursery recycling ponds was investigated. Results showed that diazinon and chlorothalonil were moderately sorbed [K(OC) (soil organic carbon distribution coefficient) from 732 to 2.45 x 10(3) mL g(-1)] to the sediments, and their sorption was mainly attributable to organic matter content, whereas chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin were strongly sorbed (K(OC) > or = 7.43 x 10(3) mL g(-1)) to the sediments, and their sorption was related to both organic matter content and sediment texture. The persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos was moderate under aerobic conditions (half-lives = 8 to 32 d), and increased under anaerobic conditions (half-lives = 12 to 53 d). In contrast, chlorothalonil and pendimethalin were quickly degraded under aerobic conditions with half-lives < 2.8 d, and their degradation was further enhanced under anaerobic conditions (half-lives < 1.9 d). The strong sorption of chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin by the sediments suggests that the practice of recycling nursery runoff would effectively retain these compounds in the recycling pond, minimizing their offsite movement. The prolonged persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, however, implies that incidental spills, such as overflows caused by storm events, may contribute significant loads of such pesticides into downstream surface water bodies.