输电线路杆塔作业人员防坠模块的应用与分析

针对目前架空输电线路杆塔攀爬过程中防护措施存在的不足与缺陷,提出了一种新的利用防坠模块上下杆塔的防坠落方法,应用结果表明该方法能够降低人员劳动强度,提高工作效率,同时验证了该方法在实践作业中的安全性和可行性。     

高邮Ms4.9地震震前异常时空演化特征分析

高邮-宝应M_S4.9地震是江苏陆地上22年来最显著的地震,震中位于江苏陆地中部地区,震前前兆异常丰富,异常的时空演化特征比较典型。震前2年显示震源区应力压性和周围张性特征,表现为水位、地电阻率和形变的群体准同步变化;震前1年集中出现小震条带活动的交汇现象;震前1月开始出现岩石裂隙变化的失稳现象,表现为周围水温、水化学的短期快速变化。高邮—宝应M_S4.9地震震前异常时空演化特征反映了周围岩石孕震过程中的变形和裂隙变化特征,对中强地震预测具有很好的借鉴意义。     

Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen,China

Urban ecological risk is one of the important factors that may restrict the social and economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks so that an ecological risk prevention and control plan can be scientifically formulated. In this paper, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system of Xiamen was established based on local ecological properties and socioeconomic status. This indicator system covers seven indicators including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, fresh water consumption, change in land use, occupation of key zones with ecological functions, and road network expansion. Based on this indicator system and in conjunction with the single factor assessment of ecological risks, this study constructed a model of comprehensive ecological risk assessment and forecasted the comprehensive ecological risk of Xiamen in 2020. The results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk level of Xiamen in 2020 is medium and the main stressors are the discharge of air and water pollutants. From the perspective of risk receptors, i.e. the ecosystem services, the risk posed to the ecosystem services associated to the maintenance of air quality and water purification is the highest. Therefore, this study proposed the recommendations on ecological risk prevention and regulation in Xiamen based on the comprehensive assessment of ecological risks, in the hope to provide scientific support for local ecological protection and sustainable development.     

Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment in Xiamen city,China

Urban energy consumption is one of the most important causes of air pollution. Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment is of great significance to the promotion of urban environmental protection. This paper focuses on ecological risk in Xiamen city caused by air pollutant discharge from urban energy consumption. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning model was used to establish two scenarios of energy consumption in Xiamen city, and based on different scenarios, we estimated urban energy consumption and discharge quantity of air pollutant (DQAP). A box model and an expert scoring method were used to calculate the air pollution burden (APB) of SO₂, NO₂, CO, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and to obtain the probabilities of different air pollution loads. An ecological risk assessment model was developed and utilized to predict Xiamen city’s ecological risks in 2020. The results showed that under an energy-saving scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are high, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. Under a baseline scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are moderate, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. In addition, the APB of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and PM_2.5, but not of PM₁₀, is predicted to rise. In the simulation, energy generation from coal is the main source of air pollution. Although the DQAP from automobiles is not high, it is predicted to rise year-on-year. In summary, the ecological risk due to pollution in Xiamen city is high, and the main pollutants are SO₂, NO₂ and PM_2.5.     

Microbial responses to combined oxidation and catalysis treatment of 1,4-dioxane and co-contaminants in groundwater and soil

Post-treatment impacts of a novel combined hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) oxidation and WO_x/ZrO₂ catalysis used for the removal of 1,4-dioxane and chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) contaminants were investigated in soil and groundwater microbial community. This treatment train removed ~90% 1,4-dioxane regardless of initial concentrations of 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs. The Illumina Miseq platform and bioinformatics were used to study the changes to microbial community structure. This approach determined that dynamic shifts of microbiomes were associated with conditions specific to treatments as well as 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs mixtures. The biodiversity was observed to decrease only after oxidation under conditions that included high levels of 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs, but increased when 1,4-dioxane was present without CVOCs. WO_x/ZrO₂ catalysis reduced biodiversity across all conditions. Taxonomic classification demonstrated oxidative tolerance for members of the genera Massilia and Rhodococcus, while catalyst tolerance was observed for members of the genera Sphingomonas and Devosia. Linear discriminant analysis effect size was a useful statistical tool to highlight representative microbes, while the multidimensional analysis elucidated the separation of microbiomes under the low 1,4-dioxane-only condition from all other conditions containing CVOCs, as well as the differences of microbial population among original, post-oxidation, and post-catalysis states. The results of this study enhance our understanding of microbial community responses to a promising chemical treatment train, and the metagenomic analysis will help practitioners predict the microbial community status during the post-treatment period, which may have consequences for long-term management strategies that include additional biodegradation treatment or natural attenuation.

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基于SEBAL模型的赤峰市植被修复下林草蒸散耗水特征

水是制约干旱半干旱地区实现可持续发展的关键因素,维持降水与蒸散发的平衡是开展植被修复工程时需要着重考量的因素.利用陆面地表平衡算法（Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land,SEBAL）模型反演了2000年、2008年、2016年赤峰市全域及森林与草地生态系统的实际蒸散发,通过参考蒸散比不变法与日气象数据将反演结果扩展至日尺度,累加得到月际与生长季尺度的实际蒸散发;结合降水变化,分析植被修复工程开展后赤峰市实际蒸散发的时空变化特征与水分盈亏状况.结果表明:①2000年、2008年、2016年赤峰市生长季的实际蒸散量分别为440.86、452.76、474.34 mm,呈增加趋势,蒸散发高值区（>400 mm）由北向南扩增.②2016年生长季森林分布区的耗水量比2000年增加了27.69×108 t,水分亏缺量增加了8.03×108 t,表明过度造林会使森林生态系统遭受严重的干旱胁迫.③一个生长季内,草地生态系统蒸散量的增幅远低于森林生态系统,1 m2草地生态系统的耗水量比森林生态系统少0.18 t.研究显示,在降水量低于300 mm的区域,草地生态系统面临较轻的干旱,且部分区域可以实现水分平衡.为了维持区域水资源存量,建议赤峰市在今后的植被修复工作中,对于降水量低于300 mm的区域以草本修复为主.      

Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫/诱导下铜绿假单胞菌EPS组分变化及其吸附性能

产生胞外聚合物（EPS）是微生物减缓或消除不利影响的自我保护机制,其中的蛋白组分发挥着十分重要的作用.为了达到定向调控EPS的目的,本研究通过不同浓度Cd （Ⅱ）对铜绿假单胞菌进行胁迫/诱导培养,研究了胁迫前后EPS组分以及对Cd （Ⅱ）的吸附性能的变化.结果表明,Cd （Ⅱ）胁迫浓度为50 mg·L^-1时,EPS中蛋白产量最高,达到136.80 mg·g^-1,较胁迫前增加了409.69%,且此时EPS对Cd （Ⅱ）的吸附能力最高.Langmuir等温模型可以很好地拟合EPS对重金属Cd （Ⅱ）的吸附,理论最大吸附量达到1663.34 mg·g^-1,且吸附过程符合二级动力学规律.三维荧光光谱图（3D-EEM）测试表明,胁迫后EPS中蛋白质含量尤其类色氨酸含量增加明显,蛋白质在吸附过程中发挥了重要的作用;红外光谱（FTIR）分析表明胁迫后—SH、C＝O、N—H/C—N等官能团的相对浓度明显增加.胁迫/诱导下EPS产量和吸附性能明显增加,在重金属污染防治中显示出极大的应用前景.     

升金湖水体优先污染物筛选与风险评价

为保护升金湖国家自然保护区湿地的生态环境,以7大类168种人类化学品为靶向分析目标物,研究其在升金湖水体中的赋存水平及空间分布特征（O）、综合化合物持久性（P）和生物积累性（B）等毒害性评价指标以及生态风险（E）和人体健康风险（H）等毒性参数,采用综合评分法筛选识别升金湖水体优先污染物,构建升金湖水体优控清单,评价升金湖优先污染物水环境生态及健康风险.结果表明,升金湖水体7大类化合物[挥发性有机物（VOCs）、多环芳烃（PAHs）、有机氯农药（OCPs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、邻-苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）、抗生素（ANTs）以及金属元素（HMs）]污染普遍,其中上湖污染负荷高于中湖和下湖,呈现坝前蓄积现象.以污染物类别计,综合评分法优先污染物筛选结果显示升金湖水体检出化学品优先级顺序为：PAEs > OCPs > HMs > PCBs > PAHs > VOCs > ANTs.高优先级污染物清单中综合得分最高的10种化合物包括：邻-苯二甲酸二乙基己酯（DEMP）、邻-苯二甲酸二环己酯（DCHP）、PCB138、邻-苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DOP）、邻-苯二甲酸二壬酯（DNP）、七氯（HC）、p,p''-滴滴涕（DDT）、钡（Ba）、环氧七氯（HCE）和邻-苯二甲酸二己酯（DHP）.升金湖水体优先污染物生态风险商（RQ）为4.3~15.9,具有较高的生态风险,且上湖区风险高于中、下湖区.人体暴露健康风险评价表明,HMs的非致癌风险最大（风险指数HI>1）,其次为PAEs和OCPs,优先污染物通过饮水和皮肤接触途径暴露对人体健康产生的致癌风险（人体终生致癌风险ILCR<10^-6）可以忽略.本研究优化基于环境监测数据建立的优先污染物综合评分法,全面考虑了化学品毒害特性、生态及人体健康暴露风险（OPBEH）,为开展广泛的湖泊流域水环境优先污染物筛选提供统一的方法学指导,并为建立相应湖泊流域优控清单,制定优先污染物排放和管控标准提供科学依据.     

氧活性粒子脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究

为了解决目前气体电离放电脱硫方法存在的等离子源体积庞大、能耗高、以及需要依靠传统脱硫方法的协同作用等问题.拟用小流量高浓度氧活性粒子[O2+、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3]及引发剂HO2-分别注入烟道中,与烟气中H2O反应生成·OH;在无吸收剂、无催化剂及没有其他技术协同作用下,进行·OH氧化脱除大烟气量中的微量SO2并生成H2SO4的实验.结果表明:烟气温度为30℃,氧活性粒子与SO2摩尔比为3~4时,脱硫率达到94.6%,回收酸液中SO42-浓度达到9.3g/L.     

植物吸收土壤有机氮的研究进展

传统的氮循环模式认为,土壤有机氮只有经过微生物分解转化为无机氮(NH₄⁺+NO₃^-)后才能为植物吸收利用。然而,近年来许多研究证实多种陆地植物具有从土壤中获取小分子有机物质(如自由态氨基酸)的能力,对传统的氮循环模式形成巨大的挑战。论文从土壤中氮素的形态、植物吸收有机氮的证据、有机氮吸收的机制、以有机氮为重要氮源的生态系统类型以及根系吸收与分泌有机氮之间的平衡等5个方面进行了综述,分析了当前研究方法的优缺点,针对本领域内核心科学问题,提出了未来植物吸收有机氮的改进方法及研究方向,为进行植物利用有机氮的研究提供方法基础。