我国工业固体废物的产生特征及控制对策

工业固体废物是固体废物的重要组成部分。根据我国最近10年发布的工业固体废物统计数据,全面分析了我国工业固体废物的产生特点,研究了工业固体废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业固体废物区域和行业分布特点以及与工业产值的关系,并针对我国工业固体废物管理存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

飞灰对废弃物焚烧过程中二恶英的抑制和捕获作用研究

通过工程试验和分析测试,分别对城市生活垃圾和医疗废弃物焚烧过程中高温烟气段和低温烟气段飞灰对二恶英的抑制和捕获作用进行了初步的研究。研究表明:适当增加锅炉灰循环量对于二恶英的再合成能起到抑制作用,飞灰中金属氧化物介质可能存在着催化和阻止的双重竞争机制;添加飞灰对于吸附医疗废物焚烧尾气中的二恶英所起作用不明显,但飞灰对燃烧残炭的吸附作用非常明显。     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

呼和浩特地区污水厂能耗评价与碳排放分析

污水处理过程的能耗和温室气体排放方面的研究对于应对能源危机和气候危机具有重要作用。文章利用层次分析法,建立了具有4层15项指标的能耗评价体系。结合城镇污水处理系统的绿色指标体系,选取呼和浩特地区具有代表性、处理规模相近的2座中小型污水厂进行能耗评价。结果表明:处理能力利用率、处理工艺系统稳定性和污水厂高程布置所对应的3项评价指标在所选择的能耗影响因素中所占权重较大,分别为:0.143 0,0.302 4和0.145 6。进一步运用IPCC计算方法对污水处理厂进行碳排放概算,得出A、B污水处理厂的碳排放量分别为:19.401 t CO2/104t、18.378 t CO2/104t。A、B污水处理厂的实际比能耗分别为0.293 kW.h/m3、0.195 kW.h/m3。将碳排放数据与实际能耗情况对比得出:污水处理厂的能耗水平越高,单位碳排放量也越大。     

废LCD面板有机材料资源化及无害化研究进展

文章在对废液晶显示面板有机材料的组成及其环境风险进行分析的基础上,对其去除、资源化及无害化技术进行了综述,分析了现有处理处置技术的优缺点,并对今后废LCD显示面板有机材料资源化及无害化技术开发提出了建议。     

贵州石漠化空间分布与喀斯特地貌、岩性、降水和人口密度的关系

本次研究从地貌发育的角度揭示了贵州省石漠化景观及其等级的空间分布与下垫面的物质组成和气候(降雨量)的空间变化存在着密切的联系,而与现今人类活动强度(人口密度)的空间分布不存在关联性。具体体现为:(1)贵州溶蚀为主地貌类型区和纯碳酸盐岩分布区基本一致,区内的峰丛(林)地貌主要分布于年降水量≥1200mm的威宁-毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以南的溶蚀为主地貌类型区,随着降水量由北向南逐渐增加,塔状峰丘增多;溶丘,峰丛(林)不发育地貌主要分布于年降水量≤1100mm的威宁-毕节以北的黔西北溶蚀为主地貌类型区和毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以北的溶蚀侵蚀地貌类型区,(2)贵州石漠化程度与喀斯特地貌类型空间分布的耦合关系较好,与人口密度空间分布的耦合关系不好。峰丛(林)地貌发育的威宁-毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以南的溶蚀为主地貌区,黔中地区人口密度为300～400/km2,该区一些县的石漠化,远不如黔西南地区人口密度为200～300/km2或黔南地区人口密度为100～200/km2的严重。历史时期森林植被的全面破坏是贵州喀斯特地区石漠化的主要驱动力,除荔波茂兰喀斯特森林保护区等少数地区,贵州喀斯特地区的原始森林无论是现在人口密度高的地区,还是低的地区,历史时期均已遭受全面的破坏。喀斯特坡地次生植被的恢复状况在很大程度上取决于坡地的岩土组成,现代石漠化严重程度的区域差异,主要受下垫面地面物质组成的控制,也就是"石山"的多寡。     

环境空气自动监测子站运维管理研究

摘要：为贯彻落实新修订的《环境空气质量标准》,环境空气自动监测新系统的软／硬件建设、已有系统的日常巡检、运行维护、故障排除、数据分析和报表等业务流程均需牵扯大量的人力资源,环境空气自动监测工作日益变得繁琐和复杂。论文以环境空气自动监测子站第三方运维管理服务模式为切入点,探讨建立高效运维管理制度的框架模式,为环境空气自动监测部门的运维管理工作提供参考。     

宏基因组技术在土壤污染微生物修复中的应用

微生物修复在土壤污染治理中具有重要地位。虽然环境中可以培养的微生物比例很低,但微生物的基因资源十分丰富,运用宏基因组技术可以克服传统修复技术中微生物资源利用不充分的问题,为未培养微生物的研究提供了有力手段。本文对宏基因组技术一般流程作了介绍,并结合土壤污染的特点,对该技术应用在土壤污染微生物修复的现状、研究及展望作了阐述。     

内部营销理论与HSE推广

介绍了内部营销理论的发展历程,分析了内部营销理论在指导HSE推广工作中的可行性与必要性。