疫情前后太原市主城区空气质量时空变化特征及影响因素研究

深入探讨城市新冠疫情管控期间大气环境质量及影响因素,对空气质量的改善与治理具有重要意义。以太原市主城区为研究对象,采用克里金插值法、Pearson相关性分析、HYSPLIT轨迹模型对太原市主城区2022年疫情前后空气质量时空变化特征及影响因素进行研究。结果表明：（1）在时间上,O₃浓度呈逐月递增趋势。其他污染物在管控期间浓度有所下降,与2021年同期相比,PM_2.5下降了23.6%,PM₁₀下降了32.7%,NO₂下降了2.6%。（2）在空间分布上,PM_2.5、CO、SO₂呈“西北低、东南高”的分布特点,PM₁₀浓度则呈“西部低、东部高”的特点。（3）太原市污染物在疫情前及管控期间主要受来自西北方向长距离传输及山西省内晋中地区短距离传输影响。在常态化时期,气流轨迹更分散,来自晋中市和临汾市的短距离传输占比最高,为21.45%。（4）管控期间重点工业企业仍保持较快增长,工业用电量达到28.33亿kW·h,工业活动受管控影响较小;但移动源污染排放减少,缓解了大气污染。     

萘厌氧降解菌群的富集及氧化还原介体的强化

为揭示氧化还原介体（ROMs）对萘厌氧降解的强化作用,以萘为唯一碳源富集到中温萘厌氧降解菌群.通过Illumina MiSeq测序对接种污泥和富集培养物进行了细菌群落结构解析,并考察了固定化蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸（AQDS）、蒽醌-2-磺酸（AQS）和腐殖酸强化萘厌氧降解的特征.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,Pseudomonas、Thauera、和Georgfuchsia是该富集培养物中的优势萘降解菌,其相对丰度分别为52.4%、13.8%和17.6%.在污泥接种量为0.23g/L和萘初始浓度10mg/L条件下,富集菌群9d内对萘的降解率约为64%.ROMs强化试验结果表明,3种ROMs对萘的厌氧降解均有一定的促进作用.其中,AQDS的强化效果最为显著,当AQDS浓度为0.8mmol/L,培养至第7d时,萘的去除率为92.0%,比同期的对照组高1.2倍.此外,硝酸盐对ROMs强化萘厌氧降解的影响研究结果表明,在NaNO₃浓度为0~0.8g/L范围内,萘的降解速率随着硝酸盐浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势.当NaNO₃浓度为0.6g/L时,萘的去除率在第6d就达到了91.0%,比对照组提高了15.2%.由此可见,在厌氧条件下添加适量硝酸盐可提高ROMs对萘降解的强化效果.     

qPCR揭示丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律

为探讨有机负荷率（OLR）对升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器运行效能的影响及互营丙酸降解菌群的响应,以稀释的制糖废水为底物,考察了OLR升高对UASB处理效能的影响,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律.结果表明,在OLR为6.0~54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）的范围内,UASB处理制糖废水取得了良好的效果,其COD去除率为92.0%以上.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有3种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌（Pelotomaculum schinkii,P.propionicum和Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens）存在于UASB反应器中.其中,S.sulfatireducens是主要的丙酸氧化菌,其数量为126~1.2×10³ 16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的47.9%~58.6%.OLR从6.0提高至54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）导致所有丙酸氧化菌数量显著减少.Methanospirillum hungatei和Methanosaeta concilii是该UASB系统中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌.与丙酸氧化菌的变化趋势相反,这两种产甲烷菌的数量均随OLR的提高而显著增加,并在OLR54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）条件下达到最大值.     

应用NOAA/AVHRR资料监测土壤水分和干旱面积

利用气象卫星资料监测土壤水分及估算干旱面积的研究方法已有很多,但监测精度还有待提高。通过利用近地面温度日较差实测资料,对气象卫星反演地表温度日较差进行了订正,使得热惯量计算值更接近实际。利用订正后的卫星反演地表温度日较差计算的热惯量与地面农田实测土壤绝对湿度进行回归分析,发现0~30cm土壤水分实测值与热惯量的相关显著,50cm以下不能通过显著性检验。在GIS平台的支持下,对2004年初夏发生的干旱进行了监测,监测结果精度较高,并为干旱灾害的进一步评估打下坚实的基础。     

贫困地区环境管理工作的几点思考

贫困地区在经济发展中存在人口急剧增加、资源浪费、生态破坏严重、污染难以控制等问题.环境管理对贫困地区的经济发展具有极大的重要性.应遵循为促进经济发展服务的原则、树立整体思想,结合整治环境的原则、树立预见性和长远性观念的原则以及树立大环境管理思想的原则,采取措施,加强队伍建设,运用经济手段,强化贫困地区的环境管理.     

阴极电芬顿法处理苯酚废水的研究

采用自制二维电芬顿反应器,以苯酚水样为处理对象,通过实验研究分析各因素对体系处理苯酚废水效果的影响.实验研究结果表明,阴极电芬顿法对苯酚废水具有有较高的去除率,在最佳反应条件Fe2+投加量为1 mmol/L,pH值为3,电解电压为9 V,曝气强度为25 mL/s,此时苯酚的最大去除率为87.5%.     

NOAA/AVHRR图像资料在大雾灾害监测中的应用

通过对NOAA(诺阿卫星 )资料 5个通道光谱特征的分析 ,阐述了利用NOAA/AVHRR(甚高分辨率辐射仪 )图像资料监测大雾灾害的基本原理和方法 ,初步探索了适于监测大雾的通道组合和量化判读指标 ,揭示出综合利用近红外 3通道与 4、5通道资料实施对雾监测 ,可取得比较好的效果 ,并对 2 0 0 3 0 1 12～ 13大雾的监测过程个例进行了分析。研究结果表明 ,卫星遥感技术在大雾灾害的监测方面具有宏观、快速、直观、信息源可靠且成本低等优点 ,是其它任何常规监测手段无法替代的。     

Effects of reducing agent and approaching anodes on chromium removal in electrokinetic soil remediation

A soil remediation method combining in situ reduction of Cr(VI) with approaching anodes electrokinetic (AAs-EK) remediation is proposed. EK experiments were conducted to compare the effect of approaching anodes (AAs) and fixed electrodes (FEs) with and without sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃) as a reducing agent. When NaHSO₃ was added to the soil before EK treatment, 90.3% of the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III). EK experiments showed that the adverse effect of contrasting migration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, which limits the practical application of this technique, was eliminated in the presence of the reducing agent. Furthermore, Tessier fractionation analysis indicated that the reducing agent changed the distribution of the chemical forms of Cr. The AAs-EK method was shown to acidize the soil as the anode moved toward the cathode and this acid front pushed the “focusing” region toward the cathode. After remediation, the pH of the soil was between 1.8 and 5.0 in AAs-EK experiments. The total Cr removal efficiency was 64.4% (except in the “focusing” region) when the reduction reaction was combined with AAs-EK method. We conclude that AAs-EK remediation in the presence of NaHSO₃ is an appropriate method for Cr-contaminated soil.     

Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil using approaching anodes

As a new technology used for the cleaning of chromium-contaminated soil, worldwide interest in eletrokinetic (EK) remediation has grown considerably in recent times. However, owing to the fact that chromium exists as both cationic and anionic species in the soil, it is not an efficient method. This paper reports upon a study in which a process using approaching anodes (AAs) was used to enhance the removal efficiency of chromium by eletrokinetics. Two bench-scale experiments to remove chromium from contaminated soil were performed, one using a fixed anode (FA) and the other using AAs. In the AAs experiment, the anode moved toward the cathode by 7 cm every three days. After remediation, soil pH, total chromium, and fractionation of chromium in the soil were determined. The average removal efficiency of total chromium was 11.32% and 18.96% in the FA and AAs experiments, respectively. After remediation, acidic soil conditions throughout the soil were generated through the use of AAs, while 80% of the soil remained neutral or alkalic when using the FA approach. The acidic soil environment and high field intensity in the AAs experiment might have favored chromium desorption, dissolution and dissociation from the soil, plus the mobility of chromium in the soil was also enhanced. The results demonstrate that AAs used in the process of EK remediation can enhance the efficiency of chromium removal from soil.     

洪泽湖生物多样性非使用价值评估

运用条件价值法(CVM)评估洪泽湖生物多样性3种非使用价值(选择价值、遗产价值、存在价值).选取洪泽湖周边3个县市(洪泽、盱眙、泗洪)共发放问卷520份,回收有效问卷484份.统计结果显示,公众评估的生物多样性非使用价值(214万元/a)是洪泽湖周边3个县市2007年GDP总和的1/23.同时,公众的支付意愿随着受访者年龄的增加而减少,随着收入的增加而增加.另外,相比较那些怀疑政府环境政策执行效果并对环境保护漠不关心的人,其他公众的支付倾向更加明显.