上海市郊工业区附近蔬菜中重金属分布及其健康风险

分析比较上海市郊工业区附近露天蔬菜样品清洗前后Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As含量,并利用目标危害商数对蔬菜可食部分进行健康风险评价.结果表明,清洗蔬菜样品中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As的平均含量(以鲜重计)分别为0.023、4.444、0.112、0.826、0.004、0.094 mg·kg~(-1).苋菜对于重金属Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的富集能力最大,而杭白菜对重金属Hg和As的富集能力最强.不同重金属在空间分布特征上没有表现出显著性差异.食用蔬菜前进行清洗可一定程度上降低摄食蔬菜导致的重金属危害风险.健康风险评价结果表明,As元素对TTHQ的贡献率均达到了55%以上,其余元素THQ均小于1,长期食用可能造成As健康风险.食用相同的蔬菜,儿童的健康风险高于成人.     

设施栽培对土壤与蔬菜中PAHs污染特征及其健康风险评价

利用现场设施栽培试验,研究了大棚内外土壤、蔬菜(生菜、苋菜、空心菜和青菜)及蔬菜生长期内湿沉降样品中16种PAHs的含量特征、可能来源以及对人的健康风险.结果表明,大棚内外蔬菜中PAHs含量平均值分别为99.27 ng·g~(-1)和109.11 ng·g~(-1);棚内外土壤中PAHs含量分别为128.01 ng·g~(-1)和173.07 ng·g~(-1).棚内PAHs含量明显低于棚外,棚内外土壤与蔬菜体内的PAHs均以低环为主.湿沉降颗粒态与溶解态PAHs含量分别为2 986.49 ng·g~(-1)和61.9 ng·L~(-1).通过分析蔬菜对土壤中PAHs的生物富集系数发现蔬菜对低环PAHs富集系数较大.土壤与蔬菜中PAHs主要来源为石油排放和草、木和煤的燃烧;湿沉降颗粒态中PAHs主要来源为油类排放与草、木和煤的燃烧;溶解态主要来源为化石燃料的燃烧和汽油排放.分析终身暴露致癌风险,儿童与成人食用不同种类蔬菜的终身暴露致癌风险值ILCR在10-6~10-4(排除苋菜)之间,都存在潜在致癌风险,棚外蔬菜致癌风险高于棚内,相比较其他3种蔬菜食用苋菜(ILCR10-6)的致癌风险最低,青菜的终身暴露风险ILCR10-5,有较高的致癌风险.     

Secondary organic carbon quantification and source apportionment of PM10 in Kaifeng, China

During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon (TC) and organic carbon (OC) contained in samples were analyzed. Seven contributive source types were identified and their contributions to ambient PM10 were estimated by chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Weak associations between the concentrations of organic carbon and element carbon (EC) were observed during the sampling periods, indicating that there was secondary organic aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere. An indirect method of “OC/EC minimum ratio” was applied to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The results showed that SOC contributed 26.2%, 32.4% and 18.0% of TC in spring, summer-fall and winter, respectively, and the annual average SOC concentration was 7.07 g/m3, accounting for 5.73% of the total mass in ambient PM10. The carbon species concentrations in ambient PM10 were recalculated by subtracting SOC concentrations from measured concentrations of TC and OC to increase the compatibility of source and receptor measurements for CMB model.     

异波折板厌氧废水处理技术研究

设计异波折板复合厌氧反应器,进行为期12个月的生活污水处理试验研究。试验结果表明,在温度处于(25±2)℃条件下,反应器的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为6h。此时所对应的COD、TN、TP去除率分别为76.95%、36.56%、39.28%;最适厌氧污泥区容积百分比为45%～65%;最适进水COD浓度为150～800mg/L。控制HRT为6h,查明温度降至(7±1)℃时所对应的COD、TN、TP分别为63.53%、20.28%、22.35%;最大比甲烷生产率降至1.95mL(/gVSS·h)。此研究结果表明在北方地区低温度条件下应用该技术处理低浓度生活污水可行。基于试验结果,阐明了此厌氧生物处理技术处理低浓度生活污水的高效机理在于异波折板复合厌氧反应器具有高效传质和双层分阶段多生物相的特点。     

环境专业实验教学中探索性实验设计——以“广州主要河流自净能力的测定”实验为例

以"广州主要河流自净能力的测定"实验为例,介绍了环境工程专业实验课教学的探索性实验设计改革,实验教学实施效果表明:开放的探索性实验教学模式有利于调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,培养学生的创新能力,也有利于提高实验课教师的业务水平,符合现代实验课教学的发展要求。     

上海市饮用水源地周边环境中的重金属

对上海市饮用水源地周边环境介质(农田土壤、道路灰尘和蔬菜)中重金属的累积特征进行了研究,分析了重金属的空间结构特征及主要污染来源,揭示了周边环境中重金属对水环境的影响,并对重金属的生态风险状况进行了评估.研究表明:①饮用水源地周边各环境介质中重金属已出现不同程度的累积,道路灰尘重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和As的平均含量分别为0.80、0.23、148.45、127.52、380.57、63.17、250.38和10.37mg·kg-1;农田土壤含量相对较低,分别为0.16、0.33、30.14、30.66、103.79、24.04、65.75和6.31mg·kg-1;蔬菜中8种重金属的平均含量分别为0.010(Cd)、0.016(Hg)、0.36(Pb)、12.80(Cu)、61.69(Zn)、2.04(Ni)、2.41(Cr)和0.0391mg·kg-1;②通过半方差分析和多元分析,推断人类活动的输入是农田土壤重金属积累的最主要原因,而交通污染则是道路灰尘重金属的主要来源;③蔬菜对土壤重金属的富集系数表现为:Zn(0.589)>Cu(0.412)>0.102(Ni)>Cd(0.059)>Cr(0.061)>Hg(0.061)>Pb(0.012))As(0.007),蔬菜中Cd和Zn主要源于根系对土壤重金属的吸收,其它重金属元素可能主要源于气孔对大气污染物的吸收;④周边土壤是水源地沉积物的重要物源,但沉积物与周边环境介质重金属含量不存在显著性相关;⑤重金属生态风险模糊综合评估结果,农田土壤表现为无警-预警,道路灰尘为预警-轻警,蔬菜为预警-轻警,3种环境介质综合评估结果为预警-轻警.     

富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中的水解与生物释磷机制

以某采用A/O生物除磷工艺的污水处理厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,设计厌氧消化比较试验,讨论了富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中的磷释放机制.结果发现,剩余污泥消化系统中的SOP(溶解性正磷)释放/PHA(聚羟基烷酸)合成比值大于活性污泥厌氧释磷系统,证实了剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中水解机制是磷释放的主导机制;剩余污泥消化系统中的PHA合成/糖原降解比值小于活性污泥厌氧释磷系统,表明污泥消化系统中的糖原降解不仅仅是生物释磷引起的;厌氧消化系统中抑菌剂的存在对于污泥消化系统的水解释磷机制与生物释磷机制均是不利的.     

高低温试验箱围护结构升温传热特性

对高低温试验箱围护结构由低温升至高温时的非稳态传热建立了数学模型,使用TDMA方法进行了围护结构传热数值计算,对3种不同升温工况下的围护结构进行了传热特性分析,使用围护结构质量系数概念来简化计算其在升温时的耗热量。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌无晶体突变株对小鼠和雏鸡的安全性

以苏云金芽胞杆菌无晶体突变株BMB304为受试菌株,对小鼠和雏鸡进行安全性测试,考察BMB304在鸡肠道中的存留情况,以探索利用苏云金芽胞杆菌S-层表面展示系统研制热稳定性禽用口服活菌疫苗的安全性和可行性.小鼠腹腔一次性注射1010 CFUBMB304菌液1.0 mL,观察14 d,未发现有急性毒性反应.小鼠饮用含BMB304 108 CFU/mL、107 CFU/mL和106 CFU/mL的饮用水28 d,各组小鼠精神和饮食正常,剖检未见异常变化,各剂量组小鼠体重变化、脏器系数、血常规指标及血液生化指标与对照组无显著性差异.雏鸡24 h内灌服1010 CFU BMB304芽胞液1.0mL,14 d内未出现急性毒性反应.饲喂雏鸡含BMB304芽胞108 CFU/g、107 CFU/g和106 CFU/g饲料28 d,雏鸡精神和饮食正常,剖检未见异常变化,各剂量组的日增重与对照组差异不显著.饲喂雏鸡含BMB304芽胞106 CFU/g饲料3 d后,经测定,芽胞能在肠道中萌发并至少存留5 d但不超过7 d.研究表明,苏云金芽胞杆菌无晶体突变株BMB304对小鼠和雏鸡安全无毒,且能在鸡肠道内暂时定植,能被用于研制在细胞表面展示外源抗原并能常温长期保存的新型禽用口服疫苗.     

Treatment of phenol wastewater by microwave-induced ClO2-CuOx/Al2O3 catalytic oxidation process

The catalyst of CuOx/Al2O3 was prepared by the dipping-sedimentation method using γ-Al2O3 as a carrier. CuO and Cu2O were loaded on the surface of γ-Al2O3, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the presence of CuOx/Al2O3, the microwave-induced chlorine dioxide (ClO2) catalytic oxidation process was conducted for the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing 100 mg/L phenol. The relationships between removal percentage and initial ClO2 concentration, catalyst dosage, microwave power, contact time, initial phenol concentration and pH were investigated and the results showed that microwave-induced ClO2-CuOx/Al2O3 process could effectively degrade contaminants in a short reaction time with a low oxidant dosage, extensive pH range. Under a given condition (ClO2 concentration 80 mg/L, microwave power 50 W, contact time 5 min, catalyst dosage 50 g/L, pH 9), phenol removal percentage approached 92.24%, corresponding to 79.13% of CODCr removal. The removal of phenol by microwave-induced ClO2-CuOx/Al2O3 catalytic oxidation process was a complicated non-homogeneous solid/water reaction, which fitted pseudo-first-order by kinetics. Compared with traditional ClO2 oxidation, ClO2 catalytic oxidation and microwave-induced ClO2 oxidation, microwave-induced ClO2 catalytic oxidation system could significantly enhance the degradation efficiency. It provides an effective technology for the removal of phenol wastewater.