庆安县绿色食品产地环境质量预警研究

绿色食品产地环境质量预警是对自然变化、人类活动影响所引起的环境质量恶化进行预测,并及时提出警告.本文以国家级生态农业示范区庆安县的绿色食品产地为例,依据1993-2003年庆安县绿色食品产地环境质量监测数据及其状态转移矩阵,采用马尔可夫链模型预测未来5年环境质量状态发生概率,对该研究区进行环境质量负向演化预警研究.结果发出了巨宝村、东阳村和泥河农场的环境质量负向演化的预警信号.据此进行了警因分析并提出排警建议,为环境规划和管理部门提供科学治理依据和辅助决策.     

Removal of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by sepiolite-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) synthesized using sepiolite as a supporter was used to investigate the removal kinetics and mechanisms of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). BDE-209 was rapidly removed by the prepared sepiolite-supported nZVI with a reaction rate that was 5 times greater than that of the conventionally prepared nZVI because of its high surface area and reactivity. The degradation of BDE-209 occurred in a stepwise debromination manner, which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The removal efficiency of BDE-209 increased with increasing dosage of sepiolite-supported nZVI particles and decreasing pH, and the efficiency decreased with increasing initial BDE-209 concentrations. The presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent at certain volume fractions in water influenced the degradation rate of sepiolite-supported nZVI. Debromination pathways of BDE-209 with sepiolite-supported nZVI were proposed based on the identified reaction intermediates, which ranged from nona- to mono-brominated diphenylethers (BDEs) under acidic conditions and nona- to penta-BDEs under alkaline conditions. Adsorption on sepiolite-supported nZVI particles also played a role in the removal of BDE-209. Our findings indicate that the particles have potential applications in removing environmental pollutants, such as halogenated organic contaminants.     

Fuel type preference of taxi driver and its implications for air emissions

Natural gas became an available fuel for taxis in 2005 and had occupied a market share of 43.6% in taxi industry till 2010 in Nanjing, China. To investigate the energy replacement pattern as well as the pollutants reduction potential of the taxi industry, first, the fuel preference determinants of taxi drivers for their next taxis are analyzed. Results show that as an important alternative for the traditional gasoline, natural gas is widely accepted (75%) by taxi drivers. Different from the previous studies which focused on the early stage of cleaner fuel replacement, taxi drivers with various characteristics (such as age, working experience, and education level) are consistent with their fuel preference when they choose their next taxis. Result suggests that policies that concern consumers with specific characteristics may have little effects on the change of the market share, when the alternative fuel market has been developed well. In addition, the increased share of gas in the fuel market achieves a 7.2% reduction of energy consumption. Considering life cycle emissions, the following air pollutants, namely Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), carbonic oxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO_x), particulate matters (PM) and hydrocarbons (C_xH_y), gain 10.0%, 3.5%, 20.5%, 36.1%, and 26.4% of reduction respectively. Assuming all taxi fleets powered by natural gas with local policy intervention, the energy conservation and the five major air pollutant emissions could achieve the maximum reductions with 12.2%, 16.0%, 8.8%, 22.5%, 44.2%, and 49.4% correspondingly.     

广州城区夏季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布特征

于2013年6月2日—7月15日,利用扫描迁移性粒谱仪(SMPS)对广州城区大气17～800 nm的粒子谱进行了连续观测,同时结合在线小时ρ(PM_2.5)及气象数据,对颗粒物污染特征进行了分析. 结果表明:观测期间,凝结核模态粒子、爱根核模态粒子、积聚模态粒子的数浓度范围分别为68～7 687、1 009～47 724、238～14 781 cm-3.平均数浓度谱及体积谱均呈单峰分布,峰值分别出现在50和300 nm左右. 根据双模态对数正态分布模型对平均数浓度谱拟合的结果可知,爱根核模态粒子和积聚核模态粒子的几何平均粒径分别为48和144 nm. 颗粒物数浓度及其谱分布日变化特征明显,在交通高峰及太阳辐射较强的时间段均出现峰值. 在观测阶段,粒子增长现象频繁发生,推测大气光化学反应引起的气-粒转化是广州城区夏季大气颗粒物的重要来源. 7月12—13日广州城区发生了一次典型的大气污染过程,ρ(PM_2.5)由18 μg/m3增至112 μg/m3,能见度降至8 km. 在该时间段,积聚模态粒子体积分数与ρ(PM_2.5)变化一致,R2(相关系数)达到了0.85. 后向轨迹分析表明,污染气团主要来自于西南方向,在陆地停留时间较长.      

基于多维化学指纹分析的人体内颗粒态污染物的溯源方法

细颗粒物污染是当前重要环境污染问题,也是影响我国国民健康的重要风险因素之一.流行病学研究表明,长期的环境细颗粒物暴露会增加呼吸系统,心血管系统,神经退行性疾病等的患病风险.正确认识人体内颗粒态污染物的真实赋存及来源是科学评估其健康风险的关键,是以公共健康为导向的颗粒物污染防控的迫切需求.然而,人体内生物基质极其复杂,且自身的生物矿化作用可生成生物源性的颗粒物,这为人体内高动态的颗粒态物质的溯源带来了严峻的方法学挑战.本文综述了当前人体内颗粒态物质溯源方法研究的最新进展,提出基于多重化学指纹分析的系统溯源方法,为未来更精准快捷的体内颗粒态污染物的溯源研究提供技术支持.     

基于多因素模式识别的煤与瓦斯突出预测研究

采煤工作面煤与瓦斯突出是由煤层自然条件和工程扰动共同作用决定的,充分考虑煤层原始赋存条件和人类工程活动对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,建立多因素模式识别准则和方法,应用VBA技术完成了工作面煤与瓦斯突出危险性动态预测系统开发。以平顶山十矿己15-24080工作面为研究对象,将瓦斯含量、瓦斯压力、采动应力等因素作为工作面煤与瓦斯突出的主要影响因素,运用多因素模式识别方法实现了对工作面煤与瓦斯突出危险性分单元概率预测,且能够随着工作面不断推进进行动态预测和分级管理。研究结果表明:突出危险性预测结果与现场实况有较好的一致性,对煤矿安全开采具有良好的指导作用。     

铀矿开采对环境的影响及治理的特殊性

从铀矿开采对环境影响的特殊性着手．详细分析了铀矿山开采对环境造成的放射性这一特殊影响,同时也对目前广泛应用的一些处理方法做了简明的介绍。     

机械行业安全管理评价模式研究

安全管理评价模式繁多在各行业中得到广泛的应用。笔者运用安全工程的基本理论,基于MORT和SMORT方法,从综合及具体管理两方面提出10项影响企业安全水平的管理因素,并对该类因素进行层次分析,开发一套机械行业的安全管理评价模式;采用问卷形式对该评价模式进行了测试,选择重庆市3家有代表性的机械企业,运用层次分析法对测试结果进行计算分析,验证安全管理评价模式的有效性和可行性,并对企业的安全管理提出了建议。     

加油站定量和定性系统安全评价

论述加油站系统单元划分方法,研究加油站工艺过程,认为事故发生的原因一方面是由于系统各单元危险源的存在和控制措施的不完善,另一方面是由于工艺过程系统节点参数(流量、压力、温度等)发生有效偏差和偏差的传递造成的。针对上述两方面原因,首先从系统安全的角度,将加油站系统划分为5部分,并应用安全检查表方法对各子系统进行了定性安全评价;然后将工艺过程划分为6个节点,应用模糊危险与可操作性研究Fuzzy-HAZOP方法,对各个节点发生有效偏差的原因进行了定量的系统安全分析,并得到半定量化结果;最终从定性和定量两个方面完成了加油站系统安全评价。     

上海滨岸带沉积物AVS空间分布特征

对上海滨岸带(北起与江苏省交界的浏河口南到与浙江省交界的金丝娘桥)沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)污染现状及其含量的空间分布特征进行了调查研究。结果表明,上海滨岸带AVS含量在(0.56~161.06)×10-6之间,平均值为17.98×10-6。AVS含量与各环境因子相关分析得出,影响上海滨岸带AVS分布的主导因素是有机碳,其次为含水率,而氧化-还原电位相关性不显著。采用单因子评价方法分析,表明上海滨岸带AVS污染指数范围在0.002~0.537,均未超标,北段AVS污染指数南段中段。其中AVS污染指数超过0.1的采样站位共有13个,主要受自然地理环境(有机碳含量、水深)和人类活动(人为排污、水产养殖)的影响。