零价铁去除废水中的汞

研究了零价铁(zero-valent iron,ZVI)去除废水中Hg2+的动力学特征及其影响因素,初步探讨了ZVI与Hg2+的作用机制.结果表明,ZVI对废水中Hg2+的最佳去除条件:Hg2+的初始浓度为0.10 mg·L-1、pH为5、ZVI用量为0.050 g、温度为25℃,获得Hg2+的去除率为94.5%.ZVI对废水中Hg2+有一个快速的去除过程,可用准一级反应动力学方程描述,速率常数为0.010 min-1.ZVI去除废水中Hg2+的机制主要是氧化还原反应、铁氧化物和氢氧化物的吸附和共沉淀作用,ZVI表面钝化是降低Hg2+去除率的主要原因,其钝化成分主要是FeOOH和Fe2O3-Fe3O4.胡敏酸可与ZVI还原产生的Fe2+、Fe3+结合形成Fe-HA复合物,增加可溶性铁的比例,缓解ZVI的钝化,对细铁氧化物和铁氢氧化物胶体具有稳定作用,增强对废水中Hg2+的吸附作用.     

杭州市家庭室内空气中PBDEs的污染现状与特征

分析评价了杭州市家庭室内空气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染现状及特征.结果显示:杭州家庭客厅空气中气相和颗粒相PBDEs的总浓度平均值分别为52.57 pg·m-3,范围为21.37～83.47 pg·m-3、卧室浓度为43.78 pg·m-3,范围为28.72～58.75 pg·m-3,BDE-47和BDE-99是家庭室内空气中最重要的两种单体,占总浓度的62.75％.室内空气中气相PBDEs浓度是颗粒相的1.49倍.高层建筑中的PBDEs浓度与低层建筑差别不大,均处于较低水平.PBDEs的理化性质、环境条件是影响其气固分配的重要因素.     

基于物质流分析的钾素流动与循环研究

我国钾矿资源匮乏,自给率低,主要的使用和流动过程集中在种植业活动中.本研究利用物质流分析方法对2009年我国种植业生产和消费过程中钾素的流动和循环过程进行了解析.结果表明,农田土壤钾素平均亏损量达到50.4 kg·hm-2,大量钾素由陆生生态系统进入水生生态系统,造成资源流失.伴随降雨径流进入水环境的钾素达231.2万t·a-1,占当年化学钾肥施用量的40.97%.生活污水排放是钾素进入水体的另一主要途径,城市和农村区域的年排放量分别为67.1万t·a-1和54.7万t·a-1,占进入水环境钾素总量的19.00%和15.50%.其中通过城市污水处理厂排放进入地表水环境中钾素为50.5万t·a-1,占城市区域排放总量的75.25%.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

Application of red mud as a basic catalyst for biodiesel production

Red mud was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a basic catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis.The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity of red mud catalysts was investigated.It was found that highly active catalyst was obtained by simply drying red mud at 200°C.Utilization of red mud as a catalyst for biodiesel production not only provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this solid red mud waste,significantly reducing its environmental effects,but also reduces the price of biodiesel to make biodiesel competitive with petroleum diesel.     

漆酶的逆胶束萃取条件优化的研究

研究了生物表面活性剂逆胶束体系萃取纯化漆酶的后萃的过程.在此逆胶束体系中,表面活性剂采用一种阴离子生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(rhamnolipid, RL),溶剂采用异辛烷.分别考察了4种不同离子种类(NaCl, NaBr, KCl和KBr)与不同浓度、4种不同助溶剂种类(正丁醇,正己醇,正庚醇及正辛醇)与不同比例、乙醇的含量以及温度对漆酶的后萃过程的影响.结果表明,0.25mol/L KCl或0.20mol/L KBr能够得到较好的萃取效果;在四种助溶剂中,正己醇(比例为0.5)和正庚醇(比例为0.5)效果比较好;乙醇加入量为9%效果最优;最适宜温度为35℃.在上述条件下,漆酶的酶活回收率和纯化倍数分别高达90%,4.7倍.电泳分析结果进一步证实了漆酶的纯化效果较好.研究证明鼠李糖脂逆胶束萃取酶类具有广阔的应用前景.     

土壤镉污染的现状及修复研究进展

镉是一种对人类和动物健康危害严重的重金属。土壤镉污染问题已经成为全球研究热点。重点分析了镉污染土壤中镉的来源,镉对动植物、人体的危害,并提出了对镉污染土壤的修复的方法。     

Formation of THMs and HANs during bromination of Microcystis aeruginosa

Bromine-contained disinfectants and biocides are widely used in swimming pools, recreational waters and cooling towers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation of thrihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) and their cytotoxicity in algae solutions during free bromine disinfection. Disinfection by-products formation potential experiments were conducted using model solutions containing 7 mg/L (as total organic carbon) Microcystis aeruginosa cells. Effects of free bromine dosage, pH and ammonia were investigated. The results showed that brominated disinfection by-products were the major products when free bromine was applied. The total THMs formed during bromination was much as that formed during chlorination, whereas HANs were elevated by using bromination instead of chlorination. Dibromoacetonitrice (C2H2NBr2 ) and bromoform (CHBr3 ) were the only detected species during free bromine disinfection. The production of C2H2NBr2 and CHBr 3 increased with disinfectant dosage but decreased with dosing ammonia. CHBr3 increased with the pH changing from 5 to 9. However, C2H2NBr2 achieved the highest production at neutral pH, which was due to a joint effect of variation in hydrolysis rate and free bromine reactivity. The hydrolysis of C2H2NBr2 was base-catalytic and nearly unaffected by disinfectant. Finally, estimation of cytotoxicity of the disinfected algae solutions showed that HANs formation was responsible for the majority of toxicity. Considering its highest toxicity among the measured disinfection by-products, the elevated C2H2NBr2 should be considered when using bromine-related algaecide.     

SPE-UFLC-MS/MS法测定制药废水中四环素类抗生素

文章建立了利用固相萃取-超快速液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-UFLC-MS/MS)测定制药废水中四环素类抗生素(土霉素、四环素和金霉素)残留的方法。水样经(30%硫酸锌+20%亚铁氰化钾)溶液作为沉淀剂沉淀蛋白质后,上清液采用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集和净化,以(0.1%甲酸溶液+乙腈)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经Agilent ZORBAX SB C18柱分离后,在串联质谱ES(I+)模式下进行MRM检测。该方法四环素类抗生素检出限(S/N=3时)0.02μg/L,3种目标物在0.010¹.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数在0.998 21.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数在0.998 2⁰.999 8之间。在0.20、0.40和0.60μg/L添加水平,各组分的回收率在80.8%0.999 8之间。在0.20、0.40和0.60μg/L添加水平,各组分的回收率在80.8%⁹7.2%之间,相对标准偏差在5.31%97.2%之间,相对标准偏差在5.31%⁹.92%之间。该方法可满足制药废水中四环素类抗生素残留检测的要求。     

我国水泥工业碳排放特征及动态变化分析

水泥工业是温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的主要排放源,利用碳排放数学模型计算2001-2010年我国水泥工业碳的排放量,分析碳排放量的变化特点和发展趋势。结果表明:水泥工业碳排放总量逐年增长,与水泥产量和排放强度呈线性关系。"十一五"期间单位产品碳排放强度由0.69 t/t下降到0.65 t/t。万元GDP碳排放量2008年达到最低值为0.295 1 t,平均每年万元GDP碳排放量下降2.85%。水泥工业十年间实施节能降耗、资源循环利用、提高经济效益等措施,对于减少碳排放具有明显效果。