城市污泥重金属钝化试验研究

研究了城市污水厂污泥好氧堆肥过程中的重金属钝化规律.由蘑菇渣、磷矿粉、鸡粪、高温菌种与城市污泥组成的试验堆体在微生物作用下快速干化.经过30天的好氧堆肥,试验堆体稳定态铬的比例达到了67~80%,稳定态铜的比例达到了31~41%,稳定态镍的比例达到了49~57%,稳定态锌的比例达到了46~55%,稳定态锰的比例达到了56~64%,污泥重金属的生物活性和毒性减少.生成的复合有机肥施用于园林绿化.图5,表2,参5.     

植物对干旱胁迫的响应研究进展

植物在经受干旱胁迫时,通过细胞对干旱信号的感知和传导,调节基因表达,产生新蛋白质,从而引起大量形态、生理和生化上的变化.干旱胁迫对植物在细胞、器官、个体、群体等水平上的形态指标有显著影响,也会影响其光合作用、渗透调节、抗氧化系统等生理生化指标.植物对干旱胁迫的分子响应较复杂,包括合成一些新的基因如NCED、dehydrin基因和CBF、DREB等转录因子.另外,干旱胁迫还能造成蛋白质组学的变化.参52     

Hydroelectricity production and forest conservation in watersheds.

Globally, particularly in developing countries, hydroelectricity production and economic growth occur together with ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds. There is a relationship between hydroelectricity production and ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds, centering on the supply and demand for ecosystem services of river water flow regulation and sediment retention. Here we show that, in the upper reach of the Yangtze River, hydroelectricity production of Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant can form a beneficial relationship with forest conservation through the paid use (compensating residents for their cooperation in the conservation) of ecosystem services launched by the National Natural Forest Protection Project. This interaction can provide additional incentives to encourage local communities' long-term cooperation in conserving and protecting the restored forest ecosystems. Hydroelectricity plants also obtain benefits from this interaction. The industrialization of ecosystem services supply provides an operational framework for this beneficial interaction. Sustainable forest ecosystem conservation will require developing new institutions and policies and must involve local communities in the conservation and protection of their local forests.     

铬离子对藻类生长的影响

利用自然光照条件,在不同铬离子质量浓度下,对5种藻类的生长进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:5种藻类在不同的光波长下,其吸收光谱存在两个最强的吸收区: 420～440 nm的蓝紫光部分和660 nm 的红光部分;在不同铬离子质量浓度0～20.63 mg·L-1范围内,5种藻类生长受到不同程度的抑制,其耐受性也尽不相同,经过分析和比较后得出5种藻类对铬的耐受性大小顺序为:微囊藻(Microcystis)＞水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)＞细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus)＞斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)＞蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidose).     

北京市不同区域采暖期大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

利用分级采样器分别采集北京市不同区域采暖期的大气颗粒物,分析多环芳烃的组成及含量.结果表明北京市大气总悬浮颗粒物中总多环芳烃的含量城乡结合带为7486—43687ng·m-3,郊区为11993—39786ng·m-3.在城乡结合带,80%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中;在郊区,77%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中.比较不同环数的多环芳烃在不同粒径范围内大气颗粒物中的分配比例,发现随环数的减少其分配比例呈现归一化.不同粒径范围的颗粒物中苯并(a)芘均与总多环芳烃含量显著相关(p<0001).     

南京市蔬菜中滴滴涕和六六六的残留及摄食暴露分析

为研究有机氯农药在食物中的残留及人群的摄食暴露,在2015年5月采集了南京市居民普遍食用的10种蔬菜,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行检测。研究表明滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)在蔬菜中均有检出,∑DDTs的残留量为1.78~5.29 ng·g~(-1),∑HCHs的残留量为0.21~4.77 ng·g~(-1),其中∑10OCPs(有机氯农药)含量最高的蔬菜是藕(10.07 ng·g~(-1)),含量最低的是青菜(2.32 ng·g~(-1))。通过来源分析发现,蔬菜中DDTs可能有新的输入,而HCHs则主要源于历史残留。通过对不同人群的每日摄取量(EDI)进行摄食暴露分析发现,儿童的摄食暴露量要高于同性别其他年龄段人群,在儿童和未成年阶段,男性的暴露量普遍高于女性,而在成年和老年阶段,男性的暴露量低于女性。平均而言,各年龄段人群对γ-HCH和DDTs的日均口摄暴露量(EDI)值远低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)所规定的ADI值,表明在目前蔬菜消费量下,南京市居民通过摄入蔬菜引起的健康风险水平较低。     

Control concept and countermeasures for shallow lakes’ eutrophication in China

Research on lake eutrophication in China began in the early 1970s, and many lakes in China are now known to be in meso-eutrophic status. Lake eutrophication has been showing a rapidly increasing trend since 2000. Investigations show that the main reasons for lake eutrophication include a fragile lake background environment, excessive nutrient loading into lakes, excessive human activities, ecological degeneration, weak environmental protection awareness, and lax lake management. Major mechanisms resulting from lake eutrophication include nutrient recycling imbalance, major changes in water chemistry (pH, oxygen, and carbon), lake ecosystem imbalance, and algal prevalence in lakes. Some concepts for controlling eutrophication should be persistently proposed, including lake catchment control, combination of pollutant source control with ecological restoration, protection of three important aspects (terrestrial ecology, lake coast zone, and submerged plant), and combination of lake management with regulation. Measures to control lake eutrophication should include pollution source control (i.e., optimize industrial structural adjustments in the lake catchment, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emission amounts, and control endogenous pollution) and lake ecological restoration (i.e. establish a zone-lake buffer region and lakeside zone, protect regional vegetation, utilize hydrophytes in renovation technology); countermeasures for lake management should include implementing water quality management, identifying environmental and lake water goals, legislating and formulating laws and regulations to protect lakes, strengthening publicity and the education of people, increasing public awareness through participation in systems and mechanic innovations, establishing lake region management institutions, and ensuring implementation of governance and management measures.     

复合表面活性剂对污染土壤中柴油的增溶和洗脱作用

研究了3种表面活性剂及其不同浓度配比对五种柴油链烃的增溶及对柴油污染土壤的洗脱作用.结果表明,复合表面活性剂的增溶效果优于单一表面活性剂,其中尤以阴离子表面活性剂SDS与非离子表面活性剂Tw-80的配比效果最佳;随阴离子表面活性剂复合比例的提高,可以有效地降低复合表面活性剂混合胶束的临界胶束浓度,提高单位表面活性剂接纳目标污染物的能力,增大目标链烃分配进入胶束相的倾向,同时有效降低增溶平衡时对表面活性剂用量的要求;高浓度的阴离子表面活性剂具有很高的污染洗脱效率,非离子表面活性剂Tw-80则易被土壤吸附而导致洗脱效率低下,但阴离子表面活性剂SDS与Tw-80配比能够有效地改善Tw-80易被土壤吸附的现象,并随复合比例提高而不同程度的增强污染土壤中柴油的洗脱效果.     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.     

湿法烟气脱硫技术存在的问题及对策

介绍了国外湿法烟气脱硫技术的发展历程和方向，以及湿法烟气脱硫技术在我国的应用现状。提出目前湿法脱硫技术存在的结垢堵塞、腐蚀、废水的处理等几个关键性问题，详细分析了问题形成的原因，对目前解决问题的方法做了概括性总结。最后，为解决我国湿法烟气脱硫技术中存在的这些问题提出一些见解。