台风暴雨

台风是经常侵袭我国的一种强烈天气系统。时常在我国造成严重的灾害。本文主要讨论与台风有关的暴雨特征。出没于中国大陆及沿海的台风暴雨主要有三种类型：１）台风之气旋性环流内的暴雨；２）台风外缘与西风带或辐热带系统等相互作用的暴雨；３）台风临近前的前置暴雨及其消散时的滞后暴雨。其中，第一种是最普遍常见的；而后两种亦常造成严重的危害，不可忽视。登陆我国的台风，由于其自身及外围环流系统和下垫面环境条件的不同，     

打印机墨粉燃烧特性的热分析

通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分别对墨粉的表面特征和成分进行分析,并对试样在不同升温速率下燃烧热失重行为进行了实验研究。分析研究表明,墨粉一旦达到着火点燃烧剧烈,燃烧过程处在动力区的时间较短,化学动力反应区在500℃以下。墨粉有不同升温速率下的燃烧特性,计算出燃烧反应动力学参数,为墨粉干法回收工艺过程燃烧防爆提供了较为可靠的基础数据。     

醛类化合物分子结构与对鼠急性毒性关系

通过检索美国国立职业与卫生研究所化学物质毒性效应登录 ( RTECS) 1998年版光盘系统 ,搜集了 88种醛类化合物对大鼠急性毒性口服 LD₅₀ 数据 ,并利用遗传神经网络建立了醛类化合物分子结构与对大鼠急性毒性关系的 BP神经网络模式 ,模式的交互检验相关系数达 0.83～ 0.87,具有较强的预报能力 .遗传神经网络是由遗传算法和神经网络耦合而成 ,文章详细讨论了遗传神经网络的构造以及利用遗传神经网络建立 QSAR模型的方法 .     

废轮胎的热解及其产物分析

研究了废轮胎热解产生的三相 (气、液、固 )产率与裂解温度的关系 ,气相组成与温度的关系 ,以及氢氧化钠作为催化剂加入热解体系对三相产率和气体组成的影响 .实验表明 ,轮胎橡胶的热稳定性分为 :～ 200℃,200℃～300℃及300℃以上3个区域 .在200℃以上时 ,随着温度升高 ,固体产率减少 ,气体产率增加 ,液体产物的产率在 500℃左右出现一个峰值 .加入 4%NaOH作催化剂以后 ,在相同的温度下固态碳黑和液态油的产率均有所提高 ,而相应混合气的产率降低 .实验确定了所用混合胶粉主要为合成橡胶 .不同温度下热解所产生的液体产物的红外谱图及裂解色谱图表明 ,300℃时主要是助剂分解,400℃左右主要是聚异戊二烯(天然胶)开始裂解,600℃以上残留物开始裂解.     

气体放电非平衡等离子体化学脱硫脱硝理论基础研究

研究了烟气电离放电脱硫脱硝的非平衡等离子体化学反应过程,采用介质阻挡强电离放电方法产生高电子浓度(＞10     

市场经济形势下环境监测工作的思考

本文探讨了目前环境监测管理体系存在的问题,环境监测走向市场的条件以及现在加强环境监测的重要性。     

Distribution of aromatic amines,phenols, chlorobenzenes,and naphthalenes in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake,China

• The total organic pollutant concentrations in sediment were 27.4-1620 ng/g. • The phenol concentrations were relatively high in the sediment of the Dianchi Lake. • Average total concentrations decreased as follows: Caohai>Waihai>Haigeng Dam. • 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3- or 4-methylphenol, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene might be risks. Organic pollutants are widespread environmental pollutants with high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Our aim was to investigate the distribution of aromatic amines, phenols, chlorobenzenes, and naphthalenes in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake, China. Nineteen surface sediment samples were collected from the Dianchi Lake, and 40 types of organic pollutants were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The total organic pollutant concentrations in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake varied from 27.4 to 1.62 × 10³ ng/g. The concentrations of phenols were much higher than those in other water bodies but still within a controllable range, whereas the concentrations of the other organic pollutant classes were similar or even lower. The detection ratio of 3- or 4-methylphenol was the highest (100.00%) among the pollutants. The average total organic pollutant concentrations decreased in the following order: Caohai (540 ng/g)>the middle of Waihai (488 ng/g)>the edge of Waihai (351 ng/g)>Haigeng Dam (90.4 ng/g). Pearson analysis showed a strong correlation among 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1,3-dinitronaphthalene, and 1,4-dinitronaphthalene (p<0.01). Caohai, the north lakeshore of Waihai and the south of Waihai showed higher risk because of high concentration; meanwhile, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3- or 4-methylphenol and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were more likely to cause risks.     

Occurrence and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in an ecological wastewater treatment plant in South China and effluent impact to the receiving river

Ecological wastewater treatment plant (EWWTP), a kind of emerging wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in recent years, combined microbiology with botany which is efficient for the removal of nitrogen and organic matter, as well as deodorization. The occurrence and removal of micro-organic pollutants in EWWTPs were still not well known. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their typical derivatives (SPAHs) including the oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), and methyl PAHs (MPAHs) were investigated in an EWWTP in Guangdong Province, China. The concentrations of the Σ6 OPAHs (114–384 ng/L) were higher than the Σ16 PAHs (92–250 ng/L), and much higher than the Σ4 MPAHs (13–64 ng/L) and Σ9 ClPAHs (2–3 ng/L) in the EWWTP and the effluent receiving river. The total removal efficiencies of the PAHs, OPAHs, MPAHs, and ClPAHs in the EWWTP (43?±?14%, 41?±?7%, 55?±?16%, and 18?±?4%) were lower than the traditional WWTPs, probably due to the lower concentration of the sludge in the ecological treatment. The advanced treatment process (microfiltration and UV disinfection treatment) contributed much less (0–20%) to the whole removal efficiency than the ecological treatment (80–100%). The effluent from the EWWTP slightly reduced the PAHs and SPAHs concentrations in the receiving river. The high concentrations of the PAHs and SPAHs in the receiving river were similar to the influent of the EWWTP, indicating that some untreated wastewater was directly discharged to the river, especially in the upstream.

     

毒性微生物传感器的研制及应用

以从土壤中分离、筛选出的X4菌株作为分子识别元件,采用夹层法制备微生物膜并与极谱型氧电极组成了呼吸抑制型毒性微生物传感器。实验确定了传感器的最佳工作条件:温度为30℃,pH范围为7.0~7.5;以HgCl2作为参比毒物时,微生物传感器标准曲线为y=1.05 x+0.21,线性相关系数为0.9933,线性范围为0.1~1.97 mg/L,相对标准偏差为1.8%。用该微生物传感器对某印染废水的毒性进行测试,该废水的毒性相对于HgCl2的浓度为1.69 mg/L,属于剧毒,与发光细菌法进行比对,测定结果具有一致性。     

机械活化对CRT锥玻璃浸出动力学的影响

通过研究CRT锥玻璃经机械活化后在硝酸溶液体系中浸出反应动力学规律,考察了机械球磨转速、浸出温度以及硝酸初始浓度对锥玻璃中铅的浸出效果影响。研究结果表明,锥玻璃经机械活化预处理后,反应活性显著增强,锥玻璃中铅浸出率大幅度提高。浸出反应的表观活化能和反应级数由109.4 kJ/mol和0.79降至54.3 kJ/mol和0.51。