论中国红十字会灾害应急体系建设

中国红十字会是中国整体灾害应急体系的重要组成部分,建立健全红十字会应急体系建设对备灾、应急工作至关重要。中国红十字会应急体系建设主要包括红十字会应急预案、应急物资储备系统、应急救援队伍、应急宣传培训与演练、信息传递系统等。红十字会应急体系建设也存在应急预案的不健全和缺乏针对性、物资储备系统有待健全、应急队伍建设有待加强、应急救护体系不协调等不足。本文从改革和健全红十字会应急预案、大力发展红十字应急组织、深入推进红十字会物资储备库建设、普及全民应急救护、健全红十字应急网络、学习西方国家经验等方面提出加强红十字会灾害应急工作的对策建议。     

Seasonal and particle size-dependent variations in gas/particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs

This study monitored particle size-dependent variations in atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Two gas/particle partitioning models, the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) and the octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) model, were applied to each particle sizes. The regression coefficients of each fraction against the gas/particle partition coefficient (K(P)) were similar for separated particles within the same sample set but differed for particles collected during different periods. Gas/particle partitioning calculated from the integral of fractions was similar to that of size-segregated particles and previously measured bulk values. Despite the different behaviors and production mechanisms of atmospheric particles of different sizes, PCDD/F partitioning of each size range was controlled by meteorological conditions such as atmospheric temperature, O(3) and UV, which reflects no source related with certain particle size ranges but mixed urban sources within this city. Our observations emphasize that when assessing environmental and health effects, the movement of PCDD/Fs in air should be considered in conjunction with particle size in addition to the bulk aerosol.     

由粉煤灰合成单一的沸石及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

以粉煤厌为原料采用两步法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构和性能进行了详细表征.2种沸石产物的吸附性能比较结果表明,NaA型沸石优于NaX型沸石.在静态吸附条件下,研究了NaA型沸石吸附水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的相关参数(溶液pH值、吸附温度和吸附时间),并用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附线对吸附结果进行拟和.结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir方程;饱和吸附量为47.78 mg/g.NaA型沸石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附是物理和化学吸附两种行为共同作用的结果.     

碱熔融法合成NaA和NaX型粉煤灰沸石的品质表征

以粉煤灰为原料采用碱熔融法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构、性能和应用指标进行了详细表征.经x射线衍射和IR光谱分析,表明合成产物是无杂晶生成的NaA和NaX型沸石相;在扫描电镜观察下,产物分别具有NaA和NaX型沸石的立方体和八面体晶体骨架结构.DTA分析表明了合成产物中沸石水的存在,且产物热稳定性较好.通过对比,粉煤灰合成的NaA和NaX型沸石的比表面积达到了相应商品沸石的66.9%和83.6%;孔容为41.1%和70.2%;阳离子交换容量(CEC,cation exchange capacity)为82.93%和84.31%.通过比较化学组成表明,大规模应用合成产物不会对环境造成危害.     

基于BP神经网络的垃圾焚烧过程故障诊断

应用BP神经网络方法,建立了垃圾焚烧过程故障诊断的模型.该方法采用梯度下降法训练网络权值,利用最优停止法对网络进行了优化,避免了过拟合现象.提高了BP神经网络的训练速度和泛化能力.并以实际焚烧过程工况数据进行性能检验,检验结果表明了该BP网络具有较高的诊断精度.     

应用陶粒过滤-陶瓷膜组合对止咳糖浆制药废水深度处理的试验研究

止咳精浆制药废水经生物接触氧化一体化废水处理装置处理后,其出水中COD、BOD和氨氮等主要污染物质均不能达标排放.在实验室中采用陶粒过滤-陶瓷膜组合对经一体化处理装置处理后的制药废水进行深度处理,在陶粒柱反应器选用粒径为1～2 mm的陶粒滤料,陶瓷膜反应器选用孔径为2～3/μm陶瓷膜的条件下对水样进行测试.废水经陶粒过滤-陶瓷膜组合处理后,其BOD、COD、SS和氨氮指标均可稳定达标排放.     

Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic compounds to four surface soils of eastern China

Improved predictions on the fate of organic pollutants in surface environments require a better understanding of the underlying sorption mechanisms that control their uptake by soils. In this study, we monitored sorption of nine aromatic compounds with varying physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electron-donor/acceptor ability and polarity), including two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, two chlorobenzenes, two nitroaromatic compounds, dichlobenil, carbaryl and 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous suspension of four surface soils of eastern China. The tested soils were characterized with respect to organic carbon (OC) content, black carbon content, mineralogy, morphology and size fraction to assess the role of the diverse soil characteristics in sorption. The results of this study show that not only the solute hydrophobicity and the OC content of soil are important to the retention of organic pollutants, but also the solute molecular structure and the soil nature.     

电动力学技术修复苯酚污染土壤的研究

用电动力学技术对苯酚污染砂土的修复进行了实验研究.探讨了苯酚污染砂土电动力学修复的可行性及在不同电场强度下苯酚的迁移特征和机制.研究了采用添加阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和控制液(柠檬酸和NaOH)等对迁移效果的影响,以及苯酚在砂土中的迁移和分布规律.实验结果表明,在电场作用下苯酚在砂土中发生富集.在电场强度为2.0V/cm时的苯酚富集效果明显,比在电场强度为0.5 V/cm时苯酚多增加30%,且向阳极的迁移距离增大了12 cm;在阴极添加不同浓度的LAS,苯酚在砂土中的富集效果不同,LAS浓度越大向阳极迁移得越快富集效果越明显,当LAS为0.046 0 mol/L时苯酚最高增加了143%;向阳极添加NaOH,苯酚在阳极区增加了136%,比向阴极添加柠檬酸的效果明显.     

Applications of open-path Fourier transform infrared for identification of volatile organic compound pollution sources and characterization of source emission behaviors

An open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) system was set up for 3-day continuous line-averaged volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring in a paint manufacturing plant. Seven VOCs (toluene, m-xylene, p-xylene, styrene, methanol, acetone, and 2-butanone) were identified in the ambient environment. Daytime-only batch operation mode was well explained by the time-series concentration plots. Major sources of methanol, m-xylene, acetone, and 2-butanone were identified in the southeast direction where paint solvent manufacturing processes are located. However, an attempt to uncover sources of styrene was not successful because the method detection limit (MDL) of the OP-FTIR system was not sensitive enough to produce conclusive data. In the second scenario, the OP-FTIR system was set up in an industrial complex to distinguish the origins of several VOCs. Eight major VOCs were identified in the ambient environment. The pollutant detected wind-rose percentage plots that clearly showed that ethylene, propylene, 2-butanone, and toluene mainly originated from the tank storage area, whereas the source of n-butane was mainly from the butadiene manufacturing processes of the refinery plant, and ammonia was identified as an accompanying reduction product in the gasoline desulfuration process. Advantages of OP-FTIR include its ability to simultaneously and continuously analyze many compounds, and its long path length monitoring has also shown advantages in obtaining more comprehensive data than the traditional multiple, single-point monitoring methods.     

沼泽红假单胞菌W12对活性黑5的厌氧脱色和降解作用

从处理印染废水的厌氧移动床生物膜反应器（moving bed biofilm reactor, MBBR）中分离到一株具有高效脱色活性的沼泽红假单胞菌W12。经实验确定W12对活性黑5（reactive black 5,RB5）脱色的适宜条件为：pH＜10;有光照;谷氨酸盐或乳酸盐作为碳源,当乳酸钠为碳源时浓度应＞500 mg/L;盐度不超过5％;RB5浓度不大于700 mg/L。紫外可见光谱扫描结果表明,RB5的脱色和降解过程生成芳香胺类化合物,这些中间产物可进一步降解。此外发现,RB5诱导生成的胞外代谢物能提高W12的脱色活性。