山东南四湖底泥典型重金属的形态分布、稳定度与风险评价

为研究南四湖底泥重金属赋存形态与稳定度的空间差异,利用柱状底泥采样器分别在南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖和微山湖采集原位柱状样,在对典型重金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As形态分析的基础上,结合地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,对表层底泥(0-4 cm)重金属污染程度进行评价,并对其稳定性进行分析.结果表明,南四湖的4个湖区采样点位表...     

农田降雨径流污染模型探讨——以上海郊区农田氮素污染模型为例

农田降雨径流污染是非点源污染研究中的一个重要问题 ,估算其发生负荷的难度很大。通过对农田降雨径流污染模型结构的理解和适当简化不可直接建模的部分 ,对农田非点源污染物输出的重要环节———降雨径流和污染物迁移进行了模拟。根据实测资料对SCS法的部分参数作了修正 ,使小块农田的降雨径流关系适合上海的区域自然地理条件 ;采用比较完善的径流试验资料建立了相应的径流单位线 ;并利用水流流速与固体颗粒被冲刷强度的关系 ,选择合适的试验资料 ,分析得到了径流过程与氮素流失浓度的相关关系 ,从而建立了以修正的SCS法、径流单位线和径流过程与氮素流失浓度的关系为基础的农田降雨径流污染模型。在具备较长系列降雨量资料的条件下 ,该模型确定了不同降雨量频率代表年份上海郊区农田氮素的年流失量     

大气中细颗粒物对肺癌细胞A549迁移和侵袭作用的影响

采集大连城区大气中可吸入性细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),研究其对肺癌A549细胞迁移、黏附和侵袭力的影响,利用明胶酶谱法检测细胞分泌的基质金属蛋白酶活性,利用Western blot法测定A549细胞中转移相关蛋白的表达。结果表明,在无明显细胞毒性浓度下,PM_(2.5)可增加A549细胞的迁移速率;细胞与细胞外基质的黏附率增加;细胞侵袭实验结果表明PM_(2.5)可增加A549细胞穿透基底膜的能力;用明胶酶谱法检测发现PM_(2.5)可使A549细胞分泌的基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)活性增强。转移相关蛋白——细胞钙粘蛋白-N(N-cadherin)的表达量升高,而钙粘蛋白-E(E-cadherin)的表达量下降,实验结果表明,PM_(2.5)可增强A549细胞的侵袭性,大气中的可吸入性颗粒可能导致肺癌转移发生率增加。     

Field evidence of decreased extractability of copper and nickel added to soils in 6-year field experiments

The phytotoxicity of added copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) is influenced by soil properties and field aging. However, the differences in the chemical behavior between Cu and Ni are still unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the extractability of added Cu and Ni in 6-year field experiments, as well as the link with their phytotoxicity. The results showed that the extractability of added Cu decreased by 6.63% (5.10%–7.90%), 22.5% (20.6%–23.9%), and 6.87% (0%–17.9%) on average for acidic, neutral, and alkaline soil from 1 to 6 years, although the phytotoxicity of added Cu and Ni did not change significantly from 1 to 6 years in the long term field experiment. Because of dissolution of Cu, when the pH decreased below 7.0, the extractability of Cu in alkaline soil by EDTA at pH 4.0 could not reflect the effects of aging. For Ni, the extractability decreased by 18.1% (10.1%–33.0%), 63.0% (59.2%–68.8%), and 22.0% (12.4%–31.8%) from 1 to 6 years in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils, respectively, indicating the effects of aging on Ni were greater than on Cu. The sum of ten sequential extractions of Cu and Ni showed that added Cu was more extractable than Ni in neutral and alkaline soil, but similar in acidic soil.

Open image in new window

     

Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.     

The effect of two different biochars on remediation of Cd-contaminated soil and Cd uptake by Lolium perenne

Biochar can be widely used to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil because of its adsorption capacity. But there are few studies about the effects of biochar on cadmium uptake by plants in soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd). Therefore, an incubation experiment was used to investigate the effects of rice straw biochar (RSBC) and coconut shell biochar (CSBC) on Cd immobilization in contaminated soil and, subsequently, Cd uptake by Lolium perenne. The results showed that the microbial counts and soil enzyme activities were significantly increased by biochar in Cd-contaminated soil, which were consistent with the decrease of the bioavailability of Cd by biochar. HOAc-extractable Cd in soil decreased by 11.3–22.6% in treatments with 5% RSBC and by 7.2–17.1% in treatments with 5% CSBC, respectively, compared to controls. The content of available Cd in biochar treatments was significantly lower than in controls, and these differences were more obvious in treatment groups with 5% biochar. The Cd concentration in L. perenne reduced by 4.47–26.13% with biochar. However, the biomass of L. perenne increased by 1.35–2.38 times after adding biochar amendments. So, Cd uptake by whole L. perenne was augmented by RSBC and CSBC. Accordingly, this work suggests that RSBC and CSBC have the potential to be used as a useful aided phytoremediation technology in Cd-contaminated soil.

     

Ozonation of the 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug and its prodrug capecitabine: Reaction kinetics,oxidation mechanisms,and residual toxicity

Specific second-order rate constants were determined for 5-FU and CAP with ozone. Reaction sites were confirmed by kinetics, Fukui analysis, and products. The olefin moiety was the main ozone reaction site for 5-FU and CAP. Carboxylic acids comprised most of the residual TOC for 5-FU. Ozonation removed the toxicity associated with 5-FU and products but not CAP. Anticancer drugs (ADs) have been detected in the environment and represent a risk to aquatic organisms, necessitating AD removal in drinking water and wastewater treatment. In this study, ozonation of the most commonly used antimetabolite ADs, namely 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its prodrug capecitabine (CAP), was investigated to determine reaction kinetics, oxidation mechanisms, and residual toxicity. The specific second-order rate constants between aqueous ozone and 5-FU, 5-FU⁻, 5-FU²⁻, CAP, and CAP⁻ were determined to be 7.07(±0.11)×10⁴ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, 1.36(±0.06)×10⁶ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, 2.62(±0.17)×10⁷ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, 9.69(±0.08)×10³ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, and 4.28(±0.07)×10⁵ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, respectively; furthermore, the second-order rate constants for ^•OH reaction with 5-FU and CAP at pH 7 were determined to be 1.85(±0.20)×10⁹ M⁻¹·s⁻¹ and 9.95(±0.26)×10⁹ M⁻¹·s⁻¹, respectively. Density functional theory was used to predict the main ozone reaction sites of 5-FU (olefin) and CAP (olefin and deprotonated secondary amine), and these mechanisms were supported by the identified transformation products. Carboxylic acids constituted a majority of the residual organic matter for 5-FU ozonation; however, carboxylic acids and aldehydes were important components of the residual organic matter generated by CAP. Ozone removed the toxicity of 5-FU to Vibrio fischeri, but the residual toxicity of ozonated CAP solutions exhibited an initial increase before subsequent removal. Ultimately, these results suggest that ozone is a suitable technology for treatment of 5-FU and CAP, although the residual toxicity of transformation products must be carefully considered.     

关于冷原子荧光测汞法灵敏度和稳定性影响因素的探讨

本文从六个方面对影响冷原子荧光测汞灵敏度和稳定性的因素进行了探讨,同时提出了相应的改进措施,以便更好地应用冷原子荧光测汞法。     

疫苗接种应规范

2004年8月13日、14日，湖南省隆回县高平镇的2000多名中小学生在当地卫生部门安排下，接受胸透检验，以确认是否患上肺结核。事情的起因是从2003年底开始，多名中小学生接种卡介苗疫苗后，陆续出现接种部位溃烂等反常情况，甚至有的学生被确诊为肺结核。     

注册安全工程师与企业安全管理人员现状比较分析

截至2006年11月,我国有22856人获得注册安全工程师执业资格证书,17411人已注册成为注册安全工程师。详细分析我国现有注册安全工程师年龄、工作年限以及学历等基本情况;在辽宁、山东、上海等5省市随机抽取200家企业进行抽样调查,分析我国企业安全管理人员的基本情况,并将二者进行对比。结果表明:注册安全工程师执业资格制度利于选拔优秀的安全管理人才,优化企业安全管理人员队伍,提高安全管理人员素质。