干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液耦合作用下GCL防渗性能

开展膨胀指数和渗透系数测定试验,研究干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用下膨润土的膨胀性能和土工合成黏土衬垫（GCL）防渗性能变化规律.结果表明,干湿循环与垃圾渗滤液渗透耦合作用对膨润土的膨胀性能和GCL的防渗性能具有显著负面影响：在7次干湿循环后,垃圾渗滤液饱和的膨润土的膨胀指数从20mL/2g降低至7.5mL/2g,GCL的渗透系数从1.65×10^-11m/s增加到1.89×10^-7m/s.膨胀指数下降和渗透系数升高的根本原因是膨润土渗透膨胀性能的丧失.单纯的垃圾渗滤液渗透不会改变GCL的渗透系数.将有效应力从20kPa升高至150kPa,可以促使GCL的渗透系数降低4个数量级,满足填埋场防渗要求（< 5.0x10^-11m/s）.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控土壤氨挥发

为了验证解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控农田土壤氨挥发的效果,并了解其微生物生态学机制,通过温室蔬菜大棚盆栽生菜的方式,探究在施用解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥（BB）与化肥的条件下,土壤氨挥发量、作物品质及产量、土壤微生物的变化.设置4组盆栽试验,依次为不施肥对照（CK）、100%化肥处理（C）、50% BB+50%化肥处理（B1）和100% BB处理（B2）,3组处理的施氮量相同.采用动态箱法对施肥后土壤氨挥发通量进行测定.基于16S rDNA高通量测序分析,对土壤氨挥发峰值期间的细菌群落进行分析.结果发现,与C组相比,B1和B2组的氨挥发总量分别降低79.5%和84.8%;B2组生菜硝酸盐含量最低、产量最高,相对于CK和C组分别增产50.5%和12.3%;B1组生菜的维生素C含量最高,为67.6mg ·kg^-1;施用BB提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性及丰富度,特别是芽孢杆菌、硝化螺菌属相对丰度明显提升;显示出施用BB对防治空气污染和提高氮素利用率具有重要作用.     

Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles

In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.     

铁路安全与人为失误问题的研究

安全是铁路各项工作的基石。为了更好地保障铁路运输的安全运营 ,除采用先进科技成果和应用现代安全管理方法外 ,还应该不断地总结经验教训。笔者分析了两起典型的铁路重大事故 ,从而得出事故的主要原因在于人。人在能动地改造自然界的过程中 ,有时会产生一些重大失误 ,所以要有效地控制人的因素 ,从而提高安全管理中的“自控、他控、互控”手段。     

袋式除尘器在燃煤电厂应用的技术特点

阐述了燃煤电厂烟气除尘的特点，提出了燃煤电厂采用袋式除尘器选用滤料时应注意的问题和保征除尘系统可靠运行的措施，并介绍了燃煤电厂袋式除尘系统的运行经验。     

像素法计算土地复垦方案非矢量化土地利用现状图斑面积

土地复垦方案编制过程中,需计算各地类面积,搜集的资料如果仅有非矢量化线条版土地利用现状图,如纸版或jpg、Tif等图像文件,统计各地类图斑块面积手工描图工作量比较大,且精确度不能满足方案需要,常常成为土地复垦方案编制效率提高的制约因素,笔者根据多年从事计算机技术及工程绘图经验,总结并实践了利用像素点法计算不规则形状图斑面积的方法,供环评、土地复垦工作者参考.     

空气和废气中吡啶检测分析方法研究

研究了用5％乙醇-水溶液作为吸收液,直接进样1μ1,气相色谱仪分析,氢火焰检测器检测分析空气和废气中吡啶,检出限：0．01mg／L;吸收效率：98％;标准偏差：8％;曲线相关性：r=0．9993。均符合该物质便捷、准确、快速的检测要求。     

Real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with road conditions

The real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emission profiles of CO, HC and NO_x for light-duty diesel vehicles were investigated. Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 diesel taxies were tested on different roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle specific power bin method. The 11 Toyota Corolla diesel taxies have very good fuel economy of (5.9 ± 0.6) L/100 km, while other five diesel taxies showed relatively high values at (8.5 ± 1.7) L/100 km due to the variation in transmission systems and emission control strategies. Compared to similar Corolla gasoline models, the diesel cars confirmed an advantage of ca. 20% higher fuel efficiency. HC and CO emissions of all the 16 taxies are quite low, with the average at (0.05 ± 0.02) g/km and (0.38 ± 0.15) g/km, respectively. The average NO_x emission factor of the 11 Corolla taxies is (0.56 ± 0.17) g/km, about three times higher than their gasoline counterparts. Two of the three Hyundai Sonata taxies, configured with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) + diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) emission control strategies, indicated significantly higher NO₂ emissions and NO₂/NO_x ratios than other diesel taxies and consequently trigger a concern of possibly adverse impacts on ozone pollution in urban areas with this technology combination. A clear and similar pattern for fuel consumption and for each of the three gaseous pollutant emissions with various road conditions was identified. To save energy and mitigate CO₂ emissions as well as other gaseous pollutant emissions in urban area, traffic planning also needs improvement.     

水污染物排污权分配方法研究进展

在对国内外排污权分配方法进行综述的基础上,归纳和分析了国内外现有排污权分配方法的优点与不足,并对排污权分配研究的发展趋势进行了展望.