生物膜载体填料-污泥资源化研究

污泥资源化是污泥处置的发展趋势,以脱水污泥为主料,添加适量粉煤灰和粘土,制备生物膜载体填料是实验研究的主要内容。实验表明,污泥使用量为70％、粉煤灰和粘土各15％时,烧成温度为1000±25℃、保温时间为40min,烧制的填料抗压强度能达到25mpa、吸水率17％;用于药厂废水处理测试,在常温下的化学需氧量（CODCr）的平均去除率为74．0％、悬浮物（SS）的去除率为54．1％。使用扫描电镜、显微镜像检测,分析了填料烧制中孔隙形成机理、填料外貌、表面微孔结构等。实验表明,以污泥代替天然原料,在一定条件下可以烧制成填料,并能用作污水处理中生物膜载体。     

大水量下快速提取悬浮物的方法研究

针对大量水体中悬浮物的提取,提出了一泵三瓶滤网覆盖抽滤法,该方法是在传统滤膜抽滤法的基础上,在滤膜的下面,增设了一张尼龙滤网,滤网的大小刚好覆盖布氏漏斗的抽滤小孔,并采用一台真空泵带动三个抽滤瓶。实践证明,一泵三瓶滤网覆盖抽滤法的抽滤速度是传统抽滤方法的7倍多,并且能够减少在抽滤过程中由于抽滤时间过长而导致的悬浮物的质量损失。因此,该方法能够大大提高抽滤的效率,缩短抽滤的时间,加快实验的进程,对大范围内的水体监测工作具有重要的现实意义。     

Nanomaterials for environmental burden reduction, waste treatment, and nonpoint source pollution control: a review

Nanomaterials are applicable in the areas of reduction of environmental burden, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes, and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution control. First, environmental burden reduction involves green process and engineering, emissions control, desulfurization/denitrification of nonrenewable energy sources, and improvement of agriculture and food systems. Second, reduction/treatment of industrial and agricultural wastes involves converting wastes into products, groundwater remediation, adsorption, delaying photocatalysis, and nanomembranes. Third, NPS pollution control involves controlling water pollution. Nanomaterials alter physical properties on a nanoscale due to their high specific surface area to volume ratio. They are used as catalysts, adsorbents, membranes, and additives to increase activity and capability due to their high specific surface areas and nano-sized effects. Thus, nanomaterials are more effective at treating environmental wastes because they reduce the amount of material needed.     

Ecotoxicological effects of mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

To understand potential ecotoxicological effects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) as experimental fish was performed. Larval loaches were kept into net-cage for three months in an e-wastes recycling site and a reference site in Southeastern China. There was significant difference of the survival rate between the loaches from the e-wastes recycling site (27%, 19/70) and from reference site (70%, 49/70). Histopathological responses were also found in all the livers examined in loaches from the e-wastes recycling site. These results showed that mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling led to ecotoxicological effects on loaches. The bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the main pollutants in e-waste, in loaches was also studied in this e-wastes recycling site, the mean concentrations of total PBDEs in sediment was 6726.17 ng/g wet weight and in water samples was 4.08 ng/L (dissolved phase). BDE209 was the dominant congener in sediment and with relatively high concentration in water. Relatively low concentration of BDE209 (less than 0.01% of total PBDEs) and high concentration of BDE47 (up to 39.34% of total PBDEs) were detected in loaches.     

改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的研究

以采集自云南滇池的水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)为研究对象,分别用壳聚糖和聚合氯化铝对云南省常见的硅藻土进行改性,在实验室条件下研究两种改性黏土对水华束丝藻的去除效果。通过去除率的比较,得出两种改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的线性拟合方程。每毫升藻液壳聚糖改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0377x-0.0014和y=0.009x+0.0002;每毫升藻液聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0135x+0.002和y=0.0039x+0.002。壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围分别为5~8、5~9,总氮(TN)去除率分别为39.77%、45.44%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为64.92%、78.01%。聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围较宽,且其除藻过程中对TN、TP的去除率均较高。用透明溞(Daphnia magna)对其进行生态安全性试验,得出壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土除藻至48 h死亡率分别为30.77%、0。     

2013年成都财富论坛期间空气质量状况分析研究

利用2013年5月20日-6月20日成都市区7个环境质量监测站点可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)、细颗粒物(PM_2.5)、SO₂、NO₂、CO和臭氧的实测资料及地面气象观测资料,对成都举办财富全球论坛期间及前后的空气质量变化特征和成因进行分析.结果表明,由于市政府采取交通管制措施,使机动车尾气排放的NO₂浓度与财富论坛前后相比降幅达27.2%;财富论坛期间臭氧前体物质浓度的降低,使地面臭氧日均浓度在相同太阳日辐射值下与财富论坛前后相比较低;对城区扬尘控制和周边重污染企业限产停产,分别对PM₁₀和SO₂的排放起到了明显的削减作用;后向轨迹分析表明市区SO₂浓度累积与来自东南部低空的气团有关.当相对湿度小于60%时颗粒物容易吸湿增长,而当相对湿度大于60%时降雨概率增大,颗粒物容易被清除.综合分析,成都市区财富论坛期间空气质量改善是政府减排举措的有效实施和较好的气象条件共同作用的结果.     

基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法和SMT分级方法,对比研究了海河流域典型人工河流子牙新河和滏阳新河、自然河流子牙河表层沉积物中磷形态.结果发现,两条河流沉积物中TC、TN、TP含量均很高,且相关性显著,污染较重且具有同源性.沉积物中总磷在568.2~9171.9mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的25.5%~81.8%之间,其次为NaOH-P,所占比例为9.3%~55.5%.使用~(31)P-NMR技术在沉积物中共检测到7类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P)及多聚磷酸盐(Poly-P).Ortho-P和Mono-P分别为总磷和有机磷的主要组成成分,含量分别在113.8~6226.1 mg·kg~(-1_和27.0~1991.9 mg·kg~(-1)之间.子牙河、子牙新河和滏阳新河两条河流在沉积物磷组成方面存在很大的差异子牙新河和滏阳新河沉积物中总磷明显高于子牙河.     

环境监测仪器的有效管理

对本文结合实际工作,从仪器建档、日常维护使用、人员职责等方面进行阐述,总结出一套具有可操作性的环境监测仪器管理程序。     

梁子湖沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征及其污染评价

采集梁子湖柱状沉积物,分析其硝氮、亚硝氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布特征,并评价其污染程度.结果表明:梁子湖表层沉积物(0~5 cm)总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮的含量范围依次为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)、323~804 mg·kg~(-1)、60.7~142 mg·kg~(-1)、4.16~31.6 mg·kg~(-1)和0.001~2.29 mg·kg~(-1).湖心区营养盐含量较低,湖区西部营养盐含量高于湖区东南部.人类活动和污染物输入强度对梁子湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征有较大影响.沉积物硝氮、亚硝氮含量从深层到浅层递增,在2~3 cm处达到峰值,这表明梁子湖流域在该沉积时期的营养物污染较为严重.沉积物5~10 cm深度的氨氮含量为各深度中的最高值,但因水生生物对氨氮的优先吸收作用,其含量均在150 mg·kg~(-1)以下.同一区域的沉积物总氮、总磷含量的垂向变化特征相似,来自地壳释放的磷使得总磷含量的垂向波动幅度远大于总氮,这揭示了梁子湖沉积物中氮、磷的富集很可能来自同源污染物.该流域发达的水产养殖业是导致沉积物中氮、磷富集的原因之一.表层沉积物总氮和总磷的标准指数变化范围分别为1.09~2.49和0.54~1.34,梁子湖环境质量受到氮素的影响更为严重.湖区表层沉积物总氮、总磷的含量范围分别为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)和323~804 mg·kg~(-1),均已超出我国东部浅水湖泊沉积物的营养物阈值参考范围,对湖泊生态系统构成了一定的威胁,需要格外关注.     

Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze pollution episode in an inland megacity, China

Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous pollutants (NO₂, CO and SO₂) and atmospheric particles (PM_2.5 (fine particles) and PM₁₀ (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused the deterioration of air quality during this haze event.