海上含油钻屑的热解析除油处理

采用间接加热的热解析技术对海上油田含油钻屑进行处理,考察了热解析处理的效果和影响因素。实验结果表明：在热解析主温度为410.0 ℃下对含油率为14.00%~23.60%（w）的钻屑进行热解析处理,处理后钻屑的石油烃含量低至0.07%;为达到处理后钻屑含油率低于1%的要求,处理速率最高可达2.47 t/h;回收油的主要烃类化合物组成与岩屑油一致,可用于泥浆复配;冷凝回收水的COD及石油类物质超标,处理后可作为循环冷却水的补充水;外排气体的污染物指标达到国家排放标准;该套实验装置处理含油率为14.00%~23.60%的钻屑,柴油消耗量小于15 L/t、电能消耗量小于9 kW·h/t。     

Performance of CSTR–EGSB–SBR system for treating sulfate-rich cellulosic ethanol wastewater and microbial community analysis

Performance and microbial community composition were evaluated in a two-phase anaerobic and aerobic system treating sulfate-rich cellulosic ethanol wastewater (CEW). The system was operated at five different chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO₄ ²⁻ ratios (63.8, 26.3, 17.8, 13.7, and 10.7). Stable performance was obtained for total COD removal efficiency (94.5%), sulfate removal (89.3%), and methane production rate (11.5 L/day) at an organic loading rate of 32.4 kg COD/(m³·day). The acidogenic reactor made a positive contribution to net VFAs production (2318.1 mg/L) and sulfate removal (60.9%). Acidogenic bacteria (Megasphaera, Parabacteroides, unclassified Ruminococcaceae spp., and Prevotella) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (Butyrivibrio, Megasphaera) were rich in the acidogenic reactor. In the methanogenic reactor, high diversity of microorganisms corresponded with a COD removal contribution of 83.2%. Moreover, methanogens (Methanosaeta) were predominant, suggesting that these organisms played an important role in the acetotrophic methanogenesis pathway. The dominant aerobic bacteria (Truepera) appeared to have been responsible for the COD removal of the SBR. These results indicate that dividing the sulfate reduction process could effectively minimize sulfide toxicity, which is important for the successful operation of system treating sulfate-rich CEW.

     

中外大型游乐设施束缚装置选型比较研究

束缚装置选型是新版中国标准中增加的一项重要内容,中国标准借鉴了美国标准和欧盟标准,但并未完全采用.因此,进行中国标准、美国标准和欧盟标准的比较研究非常重要.本文从人体坐标系、加速度区域和束缚装置准则三个方面对中国标准、美国标准和欧盟标准中的相关内容进行了全面对比,分析了各自的优缺点.在人体坐标系方面,中国标准定义较为合...     

Modeling the longitudinal profiles of streamwise velocity in an open channel with a model patch of vegetation

This paper proposes a model for predicting the longitudinal profiles of streamwise velocities in an open channel with a model patch of vegetation. The governing equation was derived from the momentum equation and flow continuity equation. The model can estimate the longitudinal profiles of velocities both inside and outside a vegetation patch. Laboratory experiments indicate that the longitudinal profiles of velocities inside a patch and in the adjacent bare channel have the same adjustment distance in the longitudinal direction, but the profiles have different trends because the vegetation drag drives the flow from the patch to the adjacent bare channel. The model considers different dimensionless parameters in two flow adjustment regions upstream of and inside the patch. Sixteen sets of experimental data from different sources are used to verify the model. The model is capable of modeling the longitudinal profiles of velocities inside and outside patches of cylinders or cylinder-like plants. Compared to a previous model, the current model improves the modeling accuracy of longitudinal profiles of velocities.

     

生态文明建设中不同行为主体的目标指标体系构建

建立生态文明建设目标指标体系是量化生态文明建设水平最有效的手段,是保证生态文明各领域建设活动有效开展和落实的重要途径。以生态文明建设的基本内涵为基础,提出生态文明建设中的"利益相关方"概念,并指出政府、企业、公众是主要利益相关方。分析了各主要利益相关方的定位、驱动力、利益关注点、权利、义务、沟通机制以及3者之间形成的复杂关系网。最后,结合各自在生态文明建设中应有的表现行为,分别设计了包含生态意识文明、生态行为文明、生态制度文明3层内涵的生态文明建设目标指标体系,旨在促进各利益相关方之间的自查或评比,将生态文明建设落实到各主要利益相关方的具体行为上。     

混凝吸附及化学氧化深度处理焦化废水

以蒙脱石、凹凸棒石、次氯酸钙和PAC、PAM为基本材料,对焦化废水二级生化出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明：蒙脱石与凹凸棒石以4：1的比例配合使用,可明显提高焦化废水中COD和色度去除率;采用次氯酸钙作为氧化剂,可进一步提高焦化废水的脱色率和COD去除率,处理间差异达到极显著和显著水平;去除COD的最优实验条件为：粘土矿物（蒙脱石：和凹凸棒石=4：1）添加量4．0g／L、氧化剂（次氯酸钙）添加量1．0g／L、絮凝剂（聚合氯化铝：聚丙烯酰胺=15／1）添加量0．15g／L,处理后色度去除率达到97．0％,COD去除率达到69．1％;脱色的最优实验条件为：粘土矿物添加量4．0g／L、氧化剂添加量1．0g／L、絮凝剂添加量0．2g／L,处理后色度去除率达到98．5％,COD去除率达到66．4％。     

农村市场化对农户耕地流转的影响——以沪苏皖农户调查为例

随着市场经济体制的全面确立,农村市场化与农户土地利用行为的关系越发紧密。为揭示农村市场化对农户耕地流转行为的影响,围绕农产品销售市场和土地流转市场两方面,运用农户调查法和Heckman两阶段模型进行分析。结果显示：耕地流转费用和农产品销售价值的高低决定着农户土地预期及农业效益的实现程度,对耕地流转概率和流转面积产生了显著影响。同一要素对流入和流出的推拉作用往往是相反的。农户特征、耕地资源和地区差异等要素对耕地流转也产生了明显的影响,与流转动因相一致。由于目前农村土地流转市场和农产品市场尚不健全,积极发展现代农业,推进规模经营,规范土地流转,有助于改善农户福利,优化农业土地利用结构     

江西赣江中下游淡水双壳类分布与丰度

淡水双壳类是淡水生物群落的重要组成部分,在河流等生态系统中有重要功能。2010年11月至2011年2月对江西赣江中下游淡水双壳类的种类、分布及丰度进行了调查,共采集到双壳类34 种及亚种,隶属3科14 属。中游双壳类有8种,优势种为圆顶珠蚌和河蚬;下游干流有34种,优势种为圆顶珠蚌、河蚬、洞穴丽蚌和中国尖嵴蚌。赣江中游、下游干流双壳类的平均密度和生物量分别为64±91 ind./m2、210±254 g/m2,267±441 ind./m2、2123±3148 g/m2。从赣江中游到下游干流双壳类物种多样性、密度和生物量均呈现增加的趋势     

Enhanced cytotoxicity of pentachlorophenol by perfluorooctane sulfonate or perfluorooctanoic acid in HepG2 cells

Chlorinated phenols and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are two kinds of pollutants which are widely present in the environment. Considering liver is the primary toxic target organ for these two groups of chemicals, it is interesting to evaluate the possible joint effects of them on liver. In this work, the combined toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) or perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were investigated using HepG2 cells. The results indicated that PFOS and PFOA could strengthen PCP’s hepatotoxicity. Further studies showed that rather than intensify the oxidative stress or promote the biotransformation of PCP, PFOS (or PFOA) might lead to strengthening of the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling of PCP. By measuring the intracellular PCP concentration and the cell membrane properties, it was suggested that PFOS and PFOA could disrupt the plasma membrane and increase the membrane permeability. Thus, more cellular accessibility of PCP was induced when they were co-exposed to PCP and PFOS (or PFOA), leading to increased cytotoxicity. Further research is warranted to better understand the combined toxicity of PFAAs and other environmental pollutants.