Influence of biochar on nitrogen fractions in a coastal plain soil

Interest in the use of biochar from pyrolysis of biomass to sequester C and improve soil productivity has increased; however, variability in physical and chemical characteristics raises concerns about effects on soil processes. Of particular concern is the effect of biochar on soil N dynamics. The effect of biochar on N dynamics was evaluated in a Norfolk loamy sand with and without NHNO. High-temperature (HT) (≥500°C) and low-temperature (LT) (≤400°C) biochars from peanut hull ( L.), pecan shell ( Wangenh. K. Koch), poultry litter (), and switchgrass ( L.) and a fast pyrolysis hardwood biochar (450-600°C) were evaluated. Changes in inorganic, mineralizable, resistant, and recalcitrant N fractions were determined after a 127-d incubation that included four leaching events. After 127 d, little evidence of increased inorganic N retention was found for any biochar treatments. The mineralizable N fraction did not increase, indicating that biochar addition did not stimulate microbial biomass. Decreases in the resistant N fraction were associated with the high pH and high ash biochars. Unidentified losses of N were observed with HT pecan shell, HT peanut hull, and HT and LT poultry litter biochars that had high pH and ash contents. Volatilization of N as NH in the presence of these biochars was confirmed in a separate short-term laboratory experiment. The observed responses to different biochars illustrate the need to characterize biochar quality and match it to soil type and land use.     

Integrated energy management strategy of powertrain and cooling system for PHEV

ABSTRACT

Energy management strategy (EMS) is crucial in improving the fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Existing studies on EMS mostly manage powertrain and cooling system separately which cannot get the minimum total energy consumption. This paper aims to propose a novel EMS for a new type of dual-motor planetary-coupled PHEV, which considers cooling power demand and effect of temperature on fuel economy. Temperature-modified engine model, lithium-ion battery model, two motors, and cooling system models are established. Firstly, the separated EMS (S-EMS) is designed which manages powertrain and cooling system separately. Sequentially, after the analysis of thermal characteristics of the powertrain and cooling system, the thermal-based EMS (T-EMS) is then proposed to manage two systems coordinately. In T-EMS, cooling power demand and the charging/discharging energy of motors are calculated as equivalent fuel consumption and integrated into the object function. Besides, a fuzzy controller is also established to deicide the fuel-electricity equivalent factor with consideration of the effect of temperature and state of charge on powertrain efficiency. Finally, the hardware-in-loop experiment is carried out to validate the real-time effect of EMS under the New European Driving Cycle. The result shows that cooling power demand and temperature can significantly affect the fuel economy of the vehicle. T-EMS shows better performance in fuel economy than S-EMS. The equivalent fuel consumption of the cooling system of T-EMS decreases by 27% compared with that of S-EMS. The total equivalent fuel consumption over the entire trip of PHEV using T-EMS is reduced by 9.7%.     

膜技术在挥发性有机蒸汽（VOC）处理中的应用

有机蒸汽（VOC）排放到大气中会引起健康，环境、安全等一系列问题。采用膜技术来处理VOC具有投资较小、分离效率高、能量消耗低、操作简单、不形成二次污染等优点，所以在处理VOC方面有着广泛的应用。文中介绍了膜分离技术处理有机蒸汽的原理，膜法处理有机蒸汽的过程及其工艺流程。     

土地利用/覆盖变化对长江上游非点源污染影响研究

在国内外相关研究的基础上,利用输出系数模型,结合RS和GIS技术,对长江上游的非点源污染负荷进行了空间模拟和负荷估算.模拟结果表明,在不考虑流域损失的前提下,由于土地利用造成的非点源污染负荷TN总量从20世纪70年代的123万t下降至2000年的116万t,基本呈逐年减少的趋势,由土地利用造成的TP的变化趋势与TN基本相同,从70年代的3.7万t下降到2000年的3.5万t左右.就省份、土地利用类型和水系而言,四川省、种植用地和草地以及金沙江水系和嘉陵江水系对长江上游的非点源污染贡献较大.在非点源污染负荷强度上,重庆市和嘉陵江水系单位面积负荷最高,是今后应重点治理的地区.结果表明,该模型可以对长江上游这样的超大尺度空间的非点源污染进行较好的空间模拟.     

反硝化生物滤池中生物膜量与脱氮效果和脱氢酶活性的关系

采用自主研发的中试反硝化生物滤池处理传统活性污泥法的二沉池出水,研究了稳定运行下生物膜量与脱氮效果和脱氢酶活性之间的关系。结果表明：根据VSS/SS=0.78、VSS/SS>0.78、VSS/SS<0.78,将SS分为3个区域,分别为区域1(232.5~1 246.6 mg·L−1)、区域2(1 246.6~2 542.7 mg·L−1)、区域3(2 542.7~3 523.9 mg·L−1)。在区域2内能获得最大的${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $-N和TN去除能力,去除率分别为95.0%和85.7%及最大的总脱氢酶活性(TDHA),为112.5 g;单位质量生物膜脱氢酶活性(DHA)与SS和VSS之间显著负相关,R2分别为0.822和0.876;TDHA随SS的增加而增加,直至VSS/SS开始减小时随之减小。DHA能较好地从微观层面反应微生物的活性,TDHA可从宏观层面反映整个反应器的生物活性,为反硝化生物滤池运行提供参考。     

公众聚集场所人群疏散基础数据的分析

针对直接利用国外的人群疏散基础数据进行我国公共聚集场所人群疏散的模拟将会产生不准确的预测结果、导致这些场所人员安全得不到保证的问题,通过对大量国内外相关数据的搜集、整理和分析,确定了6种基础数据是建立疏散模型和开发疏散模拟软件的必备基础,包括:人员类型和人群的组成、人员水平投影面积和形状、人员密度、人员行走速度、边界效应宽度和预动作时间;总结出获取基础数据的4种主要方法,即直接观测和录像观测、人群疏散演习、个体试验和问卷调查;并确定了可在现有资料中直接获得并使用的数据以及仍需要进一步研究确定的数据。研究结论为公共聚集场所人群疏散问题的研究提供了参考和依据。     

Research status,challenges and future prospects of renewable synthetic fuel catalysts for CO2 photocatalytic reduction conversion

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In recent years, with global climate change, the utilization of carbon dioxide as a resource has become an important goal of human society to achieve...     

轻烃回收装置工艺过程危险分析及控制探讨

采取系统的分析方法 HAZOP技术对LNG接收站轻烃回收装置整个工艺流程和控制的危险与可操作性问题进行全面分析,并在HAZOP分析的基础上对LNG升压泵电力引线保压风险,低温蒸气中断风险、闪蒸罐和脱甲烷塔压力控制的风险、乙烷产品不外输工艺变更风等方面的风险进行了详细分析,并从安全设计、操作规程和安全管理等方面提出了相应的控制建议,以期为接收站轻烃装置的过程安全管理提供借鉴。     

黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征

黄土高原半干旱丘陵山区受特殊的地理、地形以及水文气象条件的影响,造成农业生产播种难、出苗率低等问题,严重制约着农业的发展,但通过覆膜坐水技术能够起到抗旱保墒、提高地温、改善土壤肥效等作用。以哲单7号玉米ZeamaysL为供试品种,在设置对比试验小区（覆膜与不覆膜）的基础上,通过分析覆膜玉米土壤温度变异特征,描述了覆膜后增温、提墒、增产的过程,研究结果表明：覆膜处理与不覆膜处理相比,增温最明显的时期出现在出苗到拔节阶段,且10cm．和20cm处的温差表现为最大,可增温2．5℃左右,而后期增温减慢,播种后覆膜增温为玉米发芽生长提供了良好的生长环境,大大提高了出苗率,为作物节水增产提供了必要条件。     

Carbon sequestration of black locust forests in the Yellow River Delta region,China

The Yellow River Delta region in China is a land area of 1,200,000 ha with rich natural resources. Adverse environmental conditions, such as low rainfall and high salinity, promote the dominance of black locust trees for afforestation. With the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere, this forest and others throughout the world have become valued for their ability to sequester and store carbon. Forests store carbon in aboveground biomass (i.e. trees), belowground biomass (i.e. roots), soils and standing litter crop (i.e. forest floor and coarse woody debris). There are well-developed methods to sample forest ecosystems, including tree inventories that are used to quantify carbon in aboveground tree biomass. Such inventories are used to estimate the types of roundwood products removed from the forest during harvesting. Based on standard plot inventories and stem analyses, carbon sequestration estimates of trees were 222.41 t ha^?1 for the Yellow River Delta region accounted for 67.12% of the whole forest. Similarly, carbon storage by herbaceous matter and soil was 0.50 and 50.34 t ha^?1, respectively. The results suggest that carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem was performed by most of the forest, which plays an increasingly important role in sequestering carbon as the stand grows.