中国化学品环境管理对本土模式生物的需求和应用

适合的实验生物和大量的生态毒理学数据是化学品环境管理的重要基础。应用本土模式生物对我国化学品环境管理十分重要。稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)逐步成为我国化学品环境管理的首选推荐本土模式生物。建议从国际合作交流、遗传学、标准化、敏感性和比对研究等方面促进稀有鮈鲫的国际化。坚持管理与科研相结合,推动本土模式生物的研发和应用。     

西葫芦对土壤持久性有机氯化物污染的指示性研究

西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo L.)对土壤中持久性有机氯化物的超强吸收能力已被证实,意味其具有指示区域土壤持久性有机氯化物污染状况的潜能。本研究采用农田小区试验,考察了西葫芦不同组织器官(根、过渡茎、茎、叶和果实)在6个生长期对有机氯化物的累积吸收行为;采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法,分析了种植土壤及西葫芦各组织器官中的21种有机氯农药(OCPs)和18种多氯联苯(PCBs)。结果表明,西葫芦可将根吸收的OCPs和PCBs传递到过渡茎和茎。不同生长期采集的西葫芦根、过渡茎和茎中的OCPs和PCBs浓度基本稳定,无明显生物稀释效应,且此3个组织器官中OCPs和PCBs的分布模式与土壤中的分布模式基本一致。因此,可以用西葫芦根和茎中持久性有机氯化物的浓度指示土壤中持久性有机氯化物的污染水平,根和茎的采样时间可以不受西葫芦生长期的限制。     

Isolation and characterization of hydrophilic dissolved organic matter in waters by ion exchange solid phase extraction followed by high resolution mass spectrometry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex substance occurring in marine and freshwater environments. DOM has many functions that modify physical, chemical and...     

我国土壤环境的风险评估技术分析与展望

随着我国工业化、城镇化及农业高度集约化的快速发展,耕地和场地土壤复合污染问题日益突出,土壤污染的风险日趋显现.本文在总结国内外土壤污染健康风险评估技术发展历程的基础上,探讨我国国内建设用地健康风险评估技术导则的异同点,分析目前国内外有关土壤环境风险评估技术研究的热点与不足,重点介绍了蒸气入侵模型的发展、土壤中有机污染物...     

Multivariate correlation analysis of bio-accumulation with soil properties and potential health risks of cadmium and lead in rice seeds and cabbage in pollution zones,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by...     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

Evolutionary diversity and spatiotemporal dynamics of a spatial game

In this paper, the evolution of cooperation is studied by a spatially structured evolutionary game model in which the players are located on a two-dimensional square lattice. Each player can choose one of the following strategies: “always defect” (ALLD), “tit-for-tat” (TFT), and “always cooperate” (ALLC). Players merely interact with four immediate neighbors at first and adjust strategies according to their rewards. First, the evolutionary dynamics of the three strategies in non-spatial population is investigated, and the results indicate that cooperation is not favored in most settings without spatial structure. Next, an analytical method, which is based on comparing the local payoff structures, is introduced for the spatial game model. Using the conditions derived from the method as criteria, the parameter plane for two major parameters of the spatial game model is divided and nine representative regions are identified. In each parameter region, a distinct spatiotemporal dynamics is characterized. The spatiotemporal dynamics not only verify that the spatial structure promote the evolution of cooperation but also reveal how cooperation is favored. Our results show that spatial structure is the keystone of the evolution of intraspecific diversity.     

中国沿海城市空气污染指数的分布特征

根据沿海23个城市2001年6月至2005年6月四年的空气污染指数(API)资料,利用聚类分析和时间序列分析对API值及首要污染物数据进行统计分析,利用相关性分析探讨API值和气象因素的关系,初步揭示了中国沿海城市API的变化特征.聚类分析的结果可将研究区域分为北部、东南部和南部三个区域.中国沿海区域的API都明显受到降水和风速的影响,API与降水普遍成负相关,与风速成正相关.指出采暖期燃煤对北方地区冬季API的增大有显著影响.北部城市明显受沙尘暴天气的影响,东南部受季风和降雨因素的影响,南部受海洋性气候的季节性风力和降水影响,各区域API呈现出季节性变化.     

藻类吸附剂对六价铬的吸附特性

以浮游藻类制成的生物吸附剂为对象,研究了不同液相起始pH、吸附剂用量Cm和不同吸附时间t等因素对生物吸附剂吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,并进行了热力学分析和对吸附前后藻类吸附剂进行了FTIR分析。结果表明,最佳吸附条件为:在起始pH=1.0,吸附剂用量Cm=6.0 g/L,吸附时间t=180 min,吸附温度T=30℃时吸附效率达到了92.10%;藻类吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能很好地符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型,在实验的温度范围内,ΔG0均为负值,说明实验条件下藻类吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附反应能够自发进行;红外图谱显示在1 261~1 537 cm-1和1 034~1 053 cm-1区域峰发生了明显变化,说明其为细胞上的多糖、蛋白质等成分更多地参与了对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程。由此可见,利用中水里生长的藻类制成生物吸附剂,吸附Cr(Ⅵ)具有可行性,吸附速率较高,吸附平衡时间较快。