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243.
Richard Letz P. Barry Ryan John D. Spengler 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1984,4(4):351-359
A method of estimating distributions of exposure to respirable particles is presented. Using pollutant monitoring data from outdoors and indoors, time-activity data and a time-weighted exposure model, means and variances for exposure distributions are generated. Variances are estimated using Gauss' law of error propagation. The model is calibrated using data from a personal monitoring study. Estimated distributions of exposure to respirable particles for children in six cities living in homes with and without smokers are presented. The implications of these estimates for air pollution epidemiology and needs for further research are discussed. 相似文献
244.
Barry L. Shirk 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1991,1(3):325-330
With increasingly stringent federal, state, and local regulations, reliable operation of environmental remediation systems is critical. Most environmental systems are required to operate continuously—night and day—and to be closely monitored for performance and reporting. For the owners of these systems, the cost associated with their long-term operation and monitoring is a growing concern. This article describes a cost-effective solution to control and monitor these systems, both locally and from remote locations. Two case studies are provided. 相似文献
245.
Barry A. Goss 《Resources Policy》1983,9(1):54-63
If futures prices ‘fully reflect’ all available information, then these prices may be interpreted as market anticipations of spot (cash) prices at the delivery date of the futures contract. This hypothesis, which has tended to find most support among established markets for storable commodities, is investigated for the Chicago silver futures market. Using instrumental variable estimation and a joint (χ2) test, the unbiased prediction hypothesis is rejected, and a tentative explanation is offered for this outcome. This result, however, does not necessarily imply that the market is inefficient, and two tests of the weak form efficient markets hypothesis suggest that, while there is some slight dependence in past prices, this is only marginally more than would be expected from normal sampling variation. 相似文献
246.
Barry Shorthouse 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1990,1(1):31-40
Bioremediation has proven to be a powerful weapon in cleaning up contaminated soils and aquifers. This article gives the perspective of time, cost, and extent of remediation. It warns that disappointment will follow unless adequate site assessments are made and that the support of nutrients and supply of oxygen must be assured. Bioremediation cannot deal with all contaminants and the process is not instantaneous. However, the method is fail safe. In spite of any mistakes we may make, nature will eventually come to our rescue. 相似文献
247.
Sohel Q. Saikat Joy E. Carter Aradhana Mehra Barry Smith Alex Stewart 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2004,26(3-4):395-401
Endemic goitre was prevalent in the population of Derbyshire in the UK for many centuries until it declined from the 1930s. A contemporary medical survey showed that endemicity of goitre was particularly higher in the Carboniferous limestone areas of the Derbyshire-Peak District. Unlike classical goitrous areas of the world, where the distribution of goitre has been found to be related to the iodine content in the environment, there is no such relationship reported for the Derbyshire-Peak District area. The present study reviews the presence of endemic goitre in this area with reference to iodine in different environmental media using past and present data. In comparison with the world average values, the iodine contents in the soil and sediment in the Peak District are not deficient, but compared to England, Wales and Scotland averages, these levels are low. As no information on the mobility and bioavailability of iodine of this area is available, a cautious approach is necessary before any assumption is made on the aetiology of endemic goitre. The study also discusses some hypotheses relating to the possible cause of endemic goitre in the limestone areas. Further research needs are suggested depending on the land use and geochemistry of the Peak District to determine the underlying causes of the former endemic goitre in this area. 相似文献
248.
The high-temperature gas-phase decomposition of a PCB isomer was studied using a tubular flow reactor. The formation and destruction of various PCDFs were investigated in atmospheres containing different concentrations of O2. 相似文献
249.
Nightingale RW Chancey VC Luck JF Tran L Ottaviano D Myers BS 《Traffic injury prevention》2004,5(2):151-155
There is little data available on the responses of the human cervical spine to tensile loading. Such tests are mechanistically and technically challenging due to the variety of end conditions that need to be imposed and the difficulty of strong specimen fixation. As a result, spine specimens need to be tested using fairly complex, and potentially compliant, apparati in order to fully characterize the mechanical responses of each specimen. This, combined with the relatively high stiffness of human spine specimens, can result in errors in stiffness calculations. In this study, 18 specimen preparations were tested in tension. Tests were performed on whole cervical spines and on spine segments. On average, the linear stiffness of the segment preparations was 257 N/mm, and the stiffness of the whole cervical spine was 48 N/mm. The test frame was found to have a stiffness of 933 N/mm. Assembling a whole spine from a series combination of eight segments with a stiffness of 257 N/mm results in an estimated whole spine stiffness of 32.1 N/mm (32% error). The segment stiffnesses were corrected by assuming that the segment preparation stiffness is a series combination of the stiffnesses of the segment and the frame. This resulted in an average corrected segment stiffness of 356 N/mm. Taking the frame compliance into account, the whole spine stiffness is 51 N/mm. A series combination of eight segments using the corrected stiffnesses results in an estimated whole spine stiffness of 45.0 N/mm (12% error). We report both linear and nonlinear stiffness models for male spines and conclude that the compliance of the frame and the fixation must be quantified in all tension studies of spinal segments. Further, reported stiffness should be adjusted to account for frame and fixation compliance. 相似文献
250.
Burger J Gochfeld M Kosson DS Powers CW Friedlander B Eichelberger J Barnes D Duffy LK Jewett SC Volz CD 《Environmental management》2005,35(5):557-568
With the ending of the Cold War, the US Department of Energy is responsible for the remediation of radioactive waste and disposal of land no longer needed for nuclear material production or related national security missions. The task of characterizing the hazards and risks from radionuclides is necessary for assuring the protection of health of humans and the environment. This is a particularly daunting task for those sites that had underground testing of nuclear weapons, where the radioactive contamination is currently inaccessible. Herein we report on the development of a Science Plan to characterize the physical and biological marine environment around Amchitka Island in the Aleutian chain of Alaska, where three underground nuclear tests were conducted (1965–1971). Information on the ecology, geology, and current radionuclide levels in biota, water, and sediment is necessary for evaluating possible current contamination and to serve as a baseline for developing a plan to ensure human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Other information required includes identifying the location of the salt water/fresh water interface where migration to the ocean might occur in the future and determining groundwater recharge balances, as well as assessing other physical/geological features of Amchitka near the test sites. The Science Plan is needed to address the confusing and conflicting information available to the public about radionuclide risks from underground nuclear blasts in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as well as the potential for volcanic or seismic activity to disrupt shot cavities or accelerate migration of radionuclides into the sea. Developing a Science Plan involved agreement among regulators and other stakeholders, assignment of the task to the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation, and development of a consensus Science Plan that dealt with contentious scientific issues. Involvement of the regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (U S Fish and Wildlife Service), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, and other stakeholders was essential for plan development and approval, although this created tensions because of the different objectives of each group. The complicated process of developing a Science Plan involved iterations and interactions with multiple agencies and organizations, scientists in several disciplines, regulators, and the participation of Aleut people in their home communities, as well as the general public. The importance of including all parties in all phases of the development of the Science Plan was critical to its acceptance by a broad range of regulators, agencies, resource trustees, Aleutian/Pribilof communities, and other stakeholders. 相似文献