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排序方式: 共有177条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
The results of an analysis of 16 laboratory records of Torpedo marmorata Risso attacks are presented: when a fish swims near a T. marmorata at rest, the latter jumps and simultaneously immobilizes the prey by its electric organ discharge (EOD). A water stream is used to direct the paralysed prey beneath its disc before swallowing. The attack is made if the prey swims at short distance ( 4 cm); height and direction of the jump are related to the position of the prey. The EOD, interrupted during the jump, reappears when the prey moves under the disc of T. marmorata, and ceases before swallowing. The strength of the EOD is sufficient to break the vertebral column of the prey. The possible receptor organs involved in this behaviour are presumed to be lateral line organs and touch detectors: the former to localize the prey before the jump, the latter to detect it under the disc. Evolutionary convergence of the prey capture behaviour of Torpedo, Malapterurus, and Electrophorus is also discussed.Supported by Research Grant No. 659440 from the Direction de Recherches et Moyens d'Essais (D.R.M.E.) to Dr. T. Szabo.Dr. Bauer's stay in France was sponsored by a N.A.T.O. and a D.F.G. research fellowship. 相似文献
52.
Jörg Römbke Christa Bauer Annette Marschner 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1996,3(2):78-82
Based on a stepwise (tiered) approach, degradation, adsorption and leaching tests as well as various effect tests (using plants, microorganisms and animals) are recommended for the testing of environmental chemicals. If, after the tests of tiers 1 and 2, the results of a monospecies-effect-test (including a safety factor) are within the range of the predicted exposure, the ecotoxicological hazard should be determined using a terrestrial model ecosystem. Some of the tests for the proposed strategy were selected from practical experience in testing environmental chemicals in the laboratory, and some on the basis of a comprehensive literature review. 相似文献
53.
The photocatalytic oxidation of high levels of volatile chlorinated organic compounds in gas phase has been studied using a specially designed photoreactor. The influence of light intensity, initial water vapour concentration, temperature, inlet contaminant concentration and flow rate on destruction efficiency has been investigated. The performance of the titanium catalyst was strongly affected by the presence of water in the air stream. Experiments have been most successfully conducted at room temperature, low initial contaminant concentrations, low flow rates and high light intensities. Several by-products have been detected performing photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). No catalyst deactivation was observed. 相似文献
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Rien E. van Wijk Michael Schaub Steffen Hahn Natalia Juárez-García-Pelayo Björn Schäfer Lukáš Viktora Manuel Martín-Vivaldi Marko Zischewski Silke Bauer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2018,105(7-8):42
The annual cycle of migrating birds is shaped by their seasonal movements between breeding and non-breeding sites. Studying how migratory populations are linked throughout the annual cycle—migratory connectivity, is crucial to understanding the population dynamics of migrating bird species. This requires the consideration not only of spatial scales as has been the main focus to date but also of temporal scales: only when both aspects are taken into account, the degree of migratory connectivity can be properly defined. We investigated the migration behaviour of hoopoes (Upupa epops) from four breeding populations across Europe and characterised migration routes to and from the breeding grounds, location of non-breeding sites and the timing of key migration events. Migration behaviour was found to vary both within and amongst populations, and even though the spatial migratory connectivity amongst the populations was weak, temporal connectivity was strong with differences in timing amongst populations, but consistent timing within populations. The combination of diverse migration routes within populations and co-occurrence on the non-breeding grounds between populations might promote exchange between breeding populations. As a result, it might make hoopoes and other migrating bird species with similar strategies more resilient to future habitat or climatic changes and stabilise population trends. 相似文献
60.
Sabine Bauer Volker Witte Melanie Böhm Susanne Foitzik 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,64(1):45-56
Ant social parasites use chemical warfare to facilitate host colony takeover, which is a critical but recurring step in their
life cycle. Many slave-making ants use the secretion of the Dufour gland to manipulate host behaviour during parasitic nest
foundation and slave raids. Harpagoxenus sublaevis applies this chemical weapon onto defending Leptothorax host workers, which elicits deadly fights amongst them. Host species are expected to evolve counter-adaptations against this
behavioural manipulation and in this study we investigated the geographic structure of this co-evolving trait. We compared
the effectiveness of the parasitic gland secretion from different H. sublaevis populations in host colonies from various sites and analysed the occurrence of local adaptation. The two host species L. muscorum and L. acervorum generally showed different responses to the parasites’ chemical weapon: L. acervorum attacked nestmates treated with Dufour gland secretion, while L. muscorum workers fled. Flight, instead of intraspecific fights, is an adaptive host reaction as it results in fewer host fatalities
during raids. Beside interspecific host differences, we found a geographic mosaic of host resistance: parasites from a German
population strongly manipulated the behaviour of both sympatric Leptothorax populations. Russian or Italian hosts instead did not react with intracolonial aggression, but fled when confronted with
the gland secretion of their sympatric parasite. Not only variation in host resistance explains differences in the effectiveness
of the parasitic gland secretion but also interpopulational differences in its chemical composition, which were revealed by
gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. 相似文献