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排序方式: 共有260条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
171.
Gaston Hoffmann Daniel Schingnitz Antje Schnapke Bernd Bilitewski 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(5):893-901
Climate protection is one of the main aims of environmental policy. One way to advance and push the progress is to reduce the use of fossil fuels for energy production through an increasing production of renewable and CO2-neutral energy for example through application of biomass. This paper sets the focus on biomass streams that can be used both thermal and biological for energy production like grass or energy crops. To calculate the potentials of decrease of CO2-emissions for treatment of biomass in either combustion or digestion plants some scenarios were set up with different assumptions regarding degree of efficiency of treatment plants which depends on size of plants and the treatment process itself. The energetic utilisation of the considered biomass streams is divided in different utilisation scenarios: combined heat and power generation (CHP) and heat generation or power generation only. Additionally four groups of plant sizes referring to electrical power (from 0.1 up to 10.0 MW) were taken into consideration. The calculations of potential savings of CO2-emission in both types of treatment scenarios lead to the result that in comparison to biological technologies thermal processes show a much higher utilisation of the energy content in biomass. 相似文献
172.
Bernd Markert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(6):317-318
173.
The sources and transformations of sedimentary organic matter along the Harney River, a representative subtropical river of the Florida Everglades, were assessed using a natural product biomarker approach. Sediment samples were collected from the headwaters to the Continental Shelf, with characteristic vegetation dominated by freshwater marsh species, mangrove (middle to lower estuary), and seagrass as the marine end-member. A peat sample was collected inland. All sample extracts were analyzed by GC–MS as underivatized and as silylated compounds. With these total extract analyses, major compound classes can be defined: n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, methyl alkanoates, methyl - and ω-hydroxyalkanoates, triterpenoids, phytosterols and saccharides, with traces of hydrocarbons. In general, the peat sample extract has a different overall composition compared to the sediment extracts. The major differences include distinct carbon number maxima for the lipid series (e.g., Cmax = 28 for n-alkanols) probably from sawgrass and periphyton biomass, and predominance of phytosterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol) from higher plant detritus. In contrast, river sediment extracts contain biomarkers predominantly from mangrove-derived organic matter, such as the triterpenoids taraxerol and myricadiol. Significant amounts of saccharides and ω-hydroxyalkanoates are also found. Generally, compound concentrations decrease downstream due to dilution, and alteration of organic compounds from plant waxes and coastal vegetation is obvious in both peat and sediment samples. This is confirmed by the significant low abundance of n-alkanes and n-alkenoic acids due to biodegradation, oxidation of -tocopherol to homophytanic acid γ-lactone, and presence of traces of dihydrolacunosic acid, a photochemical alteration product of taraxerol. 相似文献
174.
Air emission inventories in North America: a critical assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Miller CA Hidy G Hales J Kolb CE Werner AS Haneke B Parrish D Frey HC Rojas-Bracho L Deslauriers M Pennell B Mobley JD 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(8):1115-1129
Although emission inventories are the foundation of air quality management and have supported substantial improvements in North American air quality, they have a number of shortcomings that can potentially lead to ineffective air quality management strategies. Major reductions in the largest emissions sources have made accurate inventories of previously minor sources much more important to the understanding and improvement of local air quality. Changes in manufacturing processes, industry types, vehicle technologies, and metropolitan infrastructure are occurring at an increasingly rapid pace, emphasizing the importance of inventories that reflect current conditions. New technologies for measuring source emissions and ambient pollutant concentrations, both at the point of emissions and from remote platforms, are providing novel approaches to collecting data for inventory developers. Advances in information technologies are allowing data to be shared more quickly, more easily, and processed and compared in novel ways that can speed the development of emission inventories. Approaches to improving quantitative measures of inventory uncertainty allow air quality management decisions to take into account the uncertainties associated with emissions estimates, providing more accurate projections of how well alternative strategies may work. This paper discusses applications of these technologies and techniques to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of emission inventories across North America and outlines a series of eight recommendations aimed at inventory developers and air quality management decision-makers to improve emission inventories and enable them to support effective air quality management decisions for the foreseeable future. 相似文献
175.
Simone Wünschmann J?rg Oehlmann Bernd Delakowitz und Bernd Markert 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2001,13(5):259-265
Zusammenfassung Durch die Quantifizierung von 12 chemischen Elementen im Organsystem von wildlebenden Ratten (Rattus norvegicus) aus dem Tierpark Zittau (Sachsen) sollte die Eignung dieser spezies als passiver Bioindikator untersucht werden. Neben der
Ermittlung von sogenannten Hintergrund-konzentrationen standen insbesondere Fragen zur geschlechts-und altersspezifischen
Akkumulation einzelner Elemente im Organsystem von Rattus norvegicus im Vordergrund. Spezifisch zeigten dabei einzelne Elemente unterschiedliche Affinit?ten zu den entsprechenden Geweben und
Organen. Insbesondere die hierbei ermittelten geschlechts- und altersspezifischen Charakteristika einzelner Elemente macht
eine detaillierte Ausarbeitung einer Beprobungsstrategie für den sp?teren Einsatz als passiver Bioindikator zwingend. Unter
Berücksichtigung des durch die Berechnung des Body Burden (K?rperlast) im 2. Teil der Arbeit ermittelten typischen Verteilungsmusters
einzelner Elemente ist Rattus norvegicus zum integrativen Monitoring-einsatz pr?destiniert.
Bernd Markert ist Professor und Direktor des internationalen Hochschulinstitutes in Zittau und Lehrstuhlinhaber für Umweltverfahrenstechnik.
Der Einsatz eines freilebenden, intelligenten ‘Sch?dlings’ für die Umweltüberwachung in der Bioindikation ergibt sich für
ihn aus zwei zwingenden Gesichtspunkten: 1. Die Ratte als Nutztier (psychologisch/didaktischer Ansatz) 2. und als ‘missing
link’ zwischen Wirbeltier und Mensch (bioindikativer/naturwissenschaftlicher Ansatz) 相似文献
176.
177.
The authors evaluate the possibilities of modifying the chemical characteristics of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) that are processed from residual household waste by mechanical operations to achieve and assure quality targets for relevant chemical concentrations, especially for heavy metals and chlorine. Quality assurance in the production of RDF demands that, together with an enrichment of the calorific value, highly toxic waste components are selectively separated and concentrated in a small stream to produce high yields of a relatively low polluted fuel. Based on the method of material flow analysis, a process evaluation is developed that considers the aspect of minimizing hazardous chemicals along with classical process data such as yield and product quality. Data on specific concentration of hazardous chemicals in waste components and their distribution in residual household waste as well as the results from large-scale test runs using different separation techniques demonstrate that mechanical operations alone are insufficient for separating hazardous chemicals. In the test runs, chemical compounds such as chlorine, cadmium and lead were often concentrated in the product. Even using optimized techniques, the ability to reduce hazards in the product is limited due to the distribution of the element concentration in the various components of the waste stream. 相似文献
178.
Bercaru O Gawlik BM Ulberth F Vandecasteele C 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(4):697-705
During recent years, the awareness of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analyses has constantly increased, especially due to the implementation of new guidelines and regulations at both the national and international level. Achieving comparable results by using certified reference materials is one of the primary concerns of the scientific community. As a result, there is a growing demand for certified reference materials to cover different matrices and pollutants. Moreover, these CRMs should be in close relationship to the determinants and target concentrations required by environmental bodies and European Directives as well. Supplementary information to this paper presents an inventory of reference materials available on the market from different suppliers against the priority pollutants listed in the Water Framework Directive. These CRMs cover matrices such as water, sediment and biota. The use of CRMs in relationship to appropriate analytical methods and relevant determinants is discussed and the need for matrix-CRMs, particularly for organic pollutants is emphasised. The use of proficiency testing schemes as an alternative for the lack of appropriate CRMs and future trends in the production of CRMs within the BCR framework are also discussed. 相似文献
179.
The non-biodegradable and chemically very stable phosphonates are used in a variety of industrial applications including cooling
waters, oil production and textile industry. We show here that they are degraded in the presence of Mn(II) and oxygen. The
half-life for the reaction is 9 min near neutral pH. The presence of other cations such as Ca(II) and Zn(II) considerably
slows down the reaction by competition with Mn(II) for the phosphonate. The reaction involves the oxidation of complexed Mn(II)
by oxygen to Mn(III) and the subsequent oxidation of phosphonate by Mn(III) thus yielding two stable phosphonic acid breakdown
products. The oxidation also proceeds in the presence of the mineral manganite (Mn(III)OOH), and yields the same breakdown
products. The use of a newly developed chromatographic method revealed the presence of the breakdown products in wastewater.
The results show that manganese-catalyzed oxidation might be an important pathway for phosphonate degradation in natural waters.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
180.
Wir danken M. Chlupka-Spohr, R. Handel, Chr. Trautmann und J. Vetter für wertvolle Anregungen zu diesem Bericht. 相似文献