Biological responses of workplace particles and their association with adverse health effects on miners

Epidemiological research has demonstrated the relationship between exposure to quartz dust and an elevated risk of pneumoconiosis and possible elevated risk of cancer. The current study was designed to evaluate the biological responses of workplace particles containing crystalline silica using an in vitro cell test. Respirable particle samples were sampled from four tin mines, where the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for pneumoconiosis was 51.6 and SMR for lung cancer was 2.2 in dust-exposed miners. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are considered as the target cells for primary dust effects. The samples were then measured at 15, 30, 60 and 120 microg particle per 10(6) AM for cytoxicity with the release of glucuronidase, lactate dehydrogenase, for reactive oxygen damage with H(2)O(2) release, and for ability to induce fibrosis using the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Pure quartz (DQ12) and corundum were used as controls. The results showed the samples from tin mines caused a higher cytoxicity when compared to corundum, yet lower when compared to quartz. However, reactive oxygen species release (148-177 nmol/3 x 10(5) AM in high concentration of 120 microg/10(6) AM) induced by the samples were significantly higher than that induced by quartz (57 nmol/3 x 10(5) AM) and corundum (62 nmol/3 x 10(5) AM). Furthermore, particle samples induced higher TNF-alpha secretion than corundum, the samples from Limu tin mine induced much higher TNF-alpha levels than that induced by DQ12 quartz. The results from the in vitro tests help elucidate the degree of hazard of dust particles in tin mines. The in vitro reaction patterns of AM also constitute a powerful tool to monitor biological and pathogenic responses of humans following dust particle exposure.     

Ein Moosbiomonitoring zur Ermittlung atmosph?rischer Elementeintr?ge in die Euroregion Nei?e (D, PL, CZ)

Zusammenfassung  Durch ein Moosbiomonitoring sollte die H?he und die Verteilung der atmosph?rischen Deposition von 37 Elementen in der Euroregion Nei?e (ERN) nach den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Ver?nderungen erfasst und mit anderen Regionen verglichen werden. Weiterhin sollten die Akkumulationseigenschaften vonPleurozium schreberi undPolytrichum formosum, den in dieser Studie verwendeten Moosarten, miteinander verglichen werden. Bis Anfang der 90er Jahre war diese Region Teil des “Schwarzen Dreiecks”, das sich durch eine extrem hohe atmosph?rische Staubbelastung auszeichnete. Durch die Schlie?ung zahlreicher Betriebe, der Ausrüstung der Kraftwerke mit Filteranlagen, der abnehmenden Bedeutung der Braunkohle als h?uslicher Energietr?ger ver?nderte sich die Situation drastisch. Die Elementkonzentrationen in den Moosen der ERN lassen sich heute mit denen der alten Bundesl?nder vergleichen. Lediglich für Fe und Ti konnten deutlich h?here Gehalte ermittelt werden. Dies ist auf den h?heren Anteil der Braunkohle als Energietr?ger zurückzuführen. In der Region um Katowice in Oberschlesien konnten für einige Elemente mehr als 10 fach h?here Gehalte in den Moosen als in der ERN ermittelt werden. Das Oberschlesische Industrierevier weist eine derart hobe atmosph?rische Belastungen auf, dass hier ein dringender Handlungsbedarf besteht. Online-First: 21. Juni 2000     

Umweltwissenschaften — Quo vaditis?

Ohne Zusammenfassung Univ. Prof. Dr. GerdPeschke (†22. August 2001) gewidmet, der die Geschikke des Internationalen Hochschulinstituts Zittau in seiner Aufbauphase seit 1993 wesentlich mitgepr?gt hat und bis vor kurzem den Lehrstuhl §Umweltsystemwissenschaften’ am IHI Zittau mit Leben füllte. Ihm haben Diskussionen über die Zukunft der Umweltwissenschaften immer viel Freude bereitet. Danke, lieber Freund!     

Untersuchungen zur Bioverfügbarkeit Kfz-emittierter Platingruppenelemente (PGE) für die aquatische Fauna unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Palladium

The uptake and accumulation of the traffic-related platinum group elements (PGE) Pt, Pd and Rh by the aquatic fauna was investigated. Zebra mussels, eels and barbels were maintained in water containing either road dust or ground catalytic converter material. Following the exposure, samples of fish liver and kidney, as well as the soft tissues of the mussels, were analysed. Our results revealed that all three catalytic noble metals were accumulated by aquatic organisms. The highest bioavailability was found for Pd, followed by Pt and Rh. The concentration factor of Pd forDreissena polymorpha was 5 times higher compared with Pd and only 6 times lower than the essential element Cu. With regard to the increasing emission of Pd the level of this metal has to be monitored very carefully in the environment.     

Entwicklung eines Sedimentbiotests mit der ZwergdeckelschneckePotamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)

Currently, only few organismic biotest systems are available for the assessment of effects on reproduction, which consider an exposure toward whole sediments. A well-suited test organism is the parthenogenetic mudsnailPotamopyrgus antipodarum. This ovoviviparous prosobranch snail lives in the upper layers of freshwater and brackish sediments. The number of (unshelled) embryos turned out to be a very sensitive parameter for the indication of sediment components affecting reproduction. Additionally, this endpoint allows to signal possible estrogenic sediment compounds. With this 28-day bioassay, laboratory tests on the effects of various chemicals onP. antipodarum were performed, e.g. triphenyltin and bisphenol A, in relevant environmental concentration ranges. Furthermore, the suitability of our test system for the investigation of complex and multiple level ranged contaminations was examined by means of various natural sediments from the Neiße and Odra rivers.     

The pit-trapping foraging strategy of the ant lion,Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)

Summary Larvae of Myrmeleon immaculatus in large pits captured both large and samll prey, while larvae in small pits captured only the small prey. Larvae in small pits did not respond to large ants, although they always responded by sand-flinging to small ants. Larvae in medium-sized pits often captured large ants only after prolonged and vigorous sand-flipping. Larvae in large pits usually captured large ants with relatively little sand-flipping. Pit enlargement and pit relocation in the laboratory were not significantly correlated with reduction of rations in the first 3 weeks after a pit was built. However, after a month without food, larvae on the average moved once every 10 days, built successively smaller pits, and moved longer distances before building a new pit. In the field pits were dug primarily in response to microclimatological factors and possibly edge-effects. The presence or absence of suitable prey at a site, per se, had no effect on whether or not a larva would dig a pit there. We conclude that these sit-and-wait predators have a relatively large repertoire of behavior that enhances their foraging success, and we contrast it with previously made optimal foraging models relating to pit locations, pit relocations, pit size and ant lion responses.     

The influence of EDDS on the uptake of heavy metals in hydroponically grown sunflowers

Phytoextraction is an environmentally friendly in situ technique for cleaning up metal contaminated land. Unfortunately, efficient metal uptake by remediation plants is often limited by low phytoavailability of the targeted metals. Chelant assisted phytoextraction has been proposed to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction. Phytoremediation involves several subsequent steps: transfer of metals from the bulk soil to the root surfaces, uptake into the roots and translocation to the shoots. Nutrient solution experiments address the latter two steps. In this context we investigated the influence of the biodegradable chelating agent SS-EDDS on uptake of essential (Cu and Zn) and non-essential (Pb) metals by sunflowers from nutrient solution. EDDS was detected in shoots and xylem sap for the first time, proving that it is taken up into the above ground biomass of plants. The essential metals Cu and Zn were decreased in shoots in the presence of EDDS whereas uptake of the non-essential Pb was enhanced. We suggest that in the presence of EDDS all three metals were taken up by the non-selective apoplastic pathway as the EDDS complexes, whereas in the absence of EDDS essential metal uptake was primarily selective along the symplastic pathway. This shows that synthetic chelating agents do not necessarily increase uptake of heavy metals, when soluble concentrations are equal in the presence and absence of chelates.