Climate anomalies, Indonesian vegetation fires and terrestrial carbon emissions

There was a widespread misconception about the causes of vegetation and land fires in Indonesia. At a certain point, the public perceived that fires and the associated haze pollution were primarily caused by smallholders' agricultural activities. In fact, there was a variety of land-use activities including large-scale land clearing following deforestation for further land development. El Niño events and the associated dry weather were sometimes quoted by officials and the media as the cause of fires. The fire episodes from 1980 to 2000 were analysed in connection with climate anomalies and the implementation of land-use policies related to forest conversions. The analysis employs long-term climatic and sea surface temperature data to reconstruct climate distributions and anomalies including Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR). In this study, the terrestrial carbon emissions from vegetation fires were estimated based on official statistical data on area burnt. The possible incentives for sustainable land management were discussed in the light of fire prevention. The underlying cause neglected in the discussion of Indonesian vegetation fires was forest and land development policy. Legitimated in the early 1980s, it drove massive forest conversions and the use of fires for land clearing. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provided dry weather suitable for biomass burning and widespread fire, but it was hardly the cause of fires. The estimate of area burnt in the big fires in 1997 was about 11.6 Mha, resulting in carbon release of 1.45 Gt, equivalent to 0.73 ppmv of CO₂, or almost half the annual global atmospheric CO₂ growth. Based on the current carbon market price such emissions by the 1997 fire episode were worth around US$ 3.6 billion.     

丁基锡化合物在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附行为研究

将海河河口表层底泥制成悬浮颗粒物（ＳＰＭ），采用批量平衡法首次研究了模拟河口条件下三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）和二丁基锡（ＤＢＴ）在该ＳＰＭ上的吸附行为．结果表明，ＴＢＴ和ＤＢＴ均能在ＳＰＭ上发生吸附，尤以ＴＢＴ更为显著．吸附速率可用Ｋｕｏ和Ｌａｋｅ的经验公式描述；吸附过程受ＳＰＭ的浓度及ＴＯＣ含量、ｐＨ值、温度、腐殖酸浓度和盐度影响．实际河口水样中的ＳＰＭ对ＴＢＴ和ＤＢＴ的吸附百分率也较高，因此ＳＰＭ是ＴＢＴ和ＤＢＴ归趋的重要场所，去除ＳＰＭ可使水体得到一定净化．     

Inventory of emissions from major air pollutant categories in Turkey

In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources in Turkey for period between 1985 and 2005 with 5-year intervals were estimated. Inventory covers anthropogenic sources of five major air pollutants of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Their break-down with respect to main activity sectors were shown and their distribution by the largest industrial source categories were worked out as annual estimates. This inventory and its analysis point to serious environmental implications of air pollutants and a need to develop a policy plan for reducing these emissions.     

Foreword

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change -     

Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Land Use Change and Forestry in Finland Based on International Guidelines

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were used to assess a greenhouse gas inventory for land use change and...     

Groundwater pollution due to discharge of tannery effluents in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu, India: an assessment through mass transport modeling

The groundwater regime in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu has been highly contaminated in several locations due to discharge of effluents from a large number of tanneries. At some places total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in groundwater was found as high as 8000 mg/l. Transmissivity and storativity of the regional aquifer were estimated at a few locations. The porosity and dispersivity values were not determined in the field. These parameters were assumed based on data available for similar geological formations elsewhere. The aquifer conceptualization thus arrived at formed the basis of a numerical groundwater flow model which was constructed using the finite difference method. The flow model was calibrated for steady state and then for transient condition for the period of 1984-92. The computed heads and calibrated parameters of the flow model were used to compute groundwater velocities. The migration of contaminants for a 20 year period was computed using the hydraulic heads and effective porosity value in a pathline model using FLOWPATH software. Mass transport model was constructed using Method of Characteristics (MOC) computer code in a separate model. The seepage rate of effluent is assumed at a rate of 30% of that discharged on the surface. The mass concentration of solute in the effluent reaching the water table was assumed as 40%, the same as in the surface effluent. The mass transport model was calibrated for a 20 year period. Prediction of contaminant migration from different clusters in the basin was analyzed. The prediction results indicated elevated TDS concentration of more than 4000 mg/l from most clusters. Also the area of the contaminated zone is likely to double in 20 years from contaminated zone of 1992.