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41.
42.
Bastian Herzog Hilde Lemmer Bettina Huber Harald Horn Elisabeth Müller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):2795-2804
The intensive use of benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors for various applications and their application in dishwasher detergents result in an almost omnipresence of benzotriazole (BTri), 4-methyl- and 5-methyl-benzotriazole (4-TTri and 5-TTri, respectively) in aquatic systems. This study aims on the evaluation of the biodegradation potential of activated sludge communities (ASCs) toward the three benzotriazoles regarding aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions and different nutrients. ASCs were taken from three wastewater treatment plants with different technologies, namely, a membrane bioreactor (MBR-MH), a conventional activated sludge plant CAS-E (intermittent nitrification/denitrification), and CAS-M (two-stage activated sludge treatment) and used for inoculation of biodegradation setups. All ASCs eliminated up to 30 mg L?1 5-TTri and BTri under aerobic conditions within 2–7 and 21–49 days, respectively, but not under anoxic or anaerobic conditions. 4-TTri was refractory at all conditions tested. Significant differences were observed for BTri biodegradation with non-acclimated ASCs from MBR-MH with 21 days, CAS-E with 41 days, and CAS-M with 49 days. Acclimated ASCs removed BTri within 7 days. Furthermore, different carbon and nitrogen concentrations revealed that nitrogen was implicitly required for biodegradation while carbon showed no such effect. The fastest biodegradation occurred for 5-TTri with no need for acclimatization, followed by BTri. BTri showed sludge-specific biodegradation patterns, but, after sludge acclimation, was removed with the same pattern, regardless of the sludge used. Under anaerobic conditions in the presence of different electron acceptors, none of the three compounds showed biological removal. Thus, presumably, aerobic biodegradation is the major removal mechanism in aquatic systems. 相似文献
43.
Elizabeth E. Drye Halûk Özkaynak Bettina Burbank Irwin H. Billick John D. Spengler P. Barry Ryan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1169-1177
Extensive data on residential indoor and outdoor NO2 levels have been collected in a limited number of U.S. locations. To date, researchers have analyzed these data sets individually, but have not analyzed them in the aggregate. Results have not, therefore, been suitable for application in a nationwide exposure assessment. This paper presents an analysis of indoor and outdoor NO2 field measurements from five U.S. metropolitan areas for homes with gas-fueled ranges and discusses potential applications of the results. Using linear regression analysis, the relationship between indoor NO2 and various predictor variables was explored. Results indicated that ambient NO2 levels alone explain an estimated 37 percent of the variability in indoor NO2 levels, that the relationship between indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations differs significantly from summer to winter months, and that homes with range pilot lights have indoor levels approximately 7 ppb greater than homes without pilot lights. A logistic regression model which predicts the distribution of indoor NO2 levels based on ambient NO2 concentrations was developed. Estimation and testing of the logistic model indicated good model performance. The model is particularly useful for addressing policy-oriented questions that involve the concept of "acceptable" threshold levels for human exposure to NO2. 相似文献
44.
During the last decade, the impact of chemical pollution and environmental chemistry has focused almost exclusively on the conventional ‘priority’ pollutants which are regulated in different environmental laws. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece in the larger puzzle of ‘holistic’ risk assessment. The pharmacentical drugs are a diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants. The aim of the literature review is to describe the most important exposition scenarios for human and veterinary pharmacenticals in different environmental compartments (soil, surface, waste water, ground water, table water, etc.) 相似文献
45.
The paper shows how sustainability questions relate to the local space. The local place is not a static entity, but a dynamic one, undergoing constant changes, and it is the rapid social and material processes within the given local situation that is a challenge for the Chinese villages and their integrity. The following article considers the cohesion between the dwellers' emotional co-ownership of their local space and the sustainability process as a driving force in social, economic and ecological development. We bring together the classification of the seven fields of encounter, which were developed out of the empirical data of the Chinese case study villages, and sustainability oriented management considerations for all levels of this concept. We do not pretend to know the solutions, but describe a set of interrelated fields that can be anchor points for placing the solutions and show in which fields action and intervention is possible. In our concept of sustainability, every spatial field has its special meaning, needs special measures and policies and has different connotations to concepts like responsibility, family values or communication systems. We see the social sustainability process as a support for the empowerment of the local dwellers, and the SUCCESS research has encouraged the villages to find suitable sustainability oriented solutions for their natural and societal situation. Before entering the discussion about the chances and potential of a sustainability approach for the Chinese villages, it is first necessary to accept the fact that rural villages play a primordial role in Chinese society and that their potential can strengthen future pathways for China. 相似文献
46.
Jaume Bori Bettina Vallès Andrés Navarro Maria Carme Riva 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2017,39(3):665-679
Due to its potential toxic properties, metal mobilization is of major concern in areas surrounding Pb–Zn mines. In the present study, metal contents and toxicity of soils, aqueous extracts from soils and mine drainage waters from an abandoned F–Ba–Pb–Zn mining area in Osor (Girona, NE Spain) were evaluated through chemical extractions and ecotoxicity bioassays. Toxicity assessment in the terrestrial compartment included lethal and sublethal endpoints on earthworms Eisenia fetida, arthropods Folsomia candida and several plant species, whereas aquatic tests involved bacteria Vibrio fischeri, microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata and crustaceans Daphnia magna. Total concentrations of Ba (250–5110 mg kg?1), Pb (940 to >5000 mg kg?1) and Zn (2370–11,300 mg kg?1) in soils exceeded intervention values to protect human health. Risks for the aquatic compartment were identified in the release of drainage waters and in the potential leaching and runoff of metals from contaminated soils, with Cd (1.98–9.15 µg L?1), Pb (2.11–326 µg L?1) and Zn (280–2900 µg L?1) concentrations in filtered water samples surpassing US EPA Water Quality Criteria (2016a, b). Terrestrial ecotoxicity tests were in accordance with metal quantifications and identified the most polluted soil as the most toxic. Avoidance and reproduction tests with earthworms showed the highest sensitivity to metal contamination. Aquatic bioassays performed in aqueous extracts from soils confirmed the results from terrestrial tests and also detected toxic effects caused by the mine drainage waters. Algal growth inhibition was the most sensitive aquatic endpoint. In view of the results, the application of a containment or remediative procedure in the area is encouraged. 相似文献
47.
Paul Braunger Hermann Frank Christian Korunka Manfred Lueger Bettina Kubicek 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):143-155
This paper attempts to replicate a safety climate model originally tested in Australia to assess its applicability in a different context: namely, across production workers in 22 medium-sized metal processing organizations in Austria. The model postulates that safety knowledge and safety motivation mediate the relation between safety climate on the one hand and safety compliance and participation on the other. Self-report data from 1075 employees were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the replication study largely confirmed the original safety climate model. However, in addition to indirect effects, direct links between safety climate and actual safety behavior were found. 相似文献
48.
Birgit K. Boogaard Bettina B. Bock Simon J. Oosting Johannes S. C. Wiskerke Akke J. van der Zijpp 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(3):259-282
Society’s relationship with modern animal farming is an ambivalent one: on the one hand there is rising criticism about modern
animal farming; on the other hand people appreciate certain aspects of it, such as increased food safety and low food prices.
This ambivalence reflects the two faces of modernity: the negative (exploitation of nature and loss of traditions) and the
positive (progress, convenience, and efficiency). This article draws on a national survey carried out in the Netherlands that
aimed at gaining a deeper understanding about the acceptance of modern dairy farming in Dutch society. People take two dimensions
into account when evaluating different aspects of modern dairy farming: (1) the way living beings are used for production
and (2) the way a dairy farm functions as a business. In both these dimensions people appeared to adopt cautious opinions:
most people preferred relatively traditional and natural farms and were concerned about the use of nature and treatment of
animals in modern production—although this did not imply an outright rejection of modern animal farming. The study also looked
for (and sought to explain) differences of opinion between social groups. Besides socio-demographic factors such as age and
gender, farming experience and value-orientation (such as socially minded and professional) appeared to be important variables.
The values and convictions within modern society can help to explain why some people are greatly concerned about animal welfare
while some show less concern. This diversity also helps to explain why general information campaigns are quite ineffective
in allaying concerns about modern animal farming. 相似文献
49.
The effect of different light regimes on the development of sexual maturity and body composition (carbon, nitrogen, lipid
and protein) of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, was studied over 12 weeks under laboratory conditions. Krill were exposed to light-cycle regimes of variable intensity to
simulate Southern Ocean summer, autumn and winter conditions, respectively using: (1) continuous light (LL; 200 lux max),
(2) 12-h light and 12-h darkness (LD 12:12; 50 lux max), and (3) continuous darkness (DD). The sexual maturity of female and
male krill exposed to LL and LD 12:12 showed an accelerated succession of external maturity stages during the experimental
period, while krill exposed to continuous darkness showed no changes in external maturity during the course of the study.
Changes in the maturity development of krill between the different light regimes are reflected in changes in body composition.
Krill exposed to LL and LD 12:12 showed an increase in lipid utilization, indicating that the development of external maturation
may be fuelled preferentially by lipid reserves. In contrast, values of total lipid content of krill held under continuous
darkness indicated an unchanged lipid catabolism during the course of the study. Thus, the maturity development of krill was
affected either directly or indirectly by the different simulated light conditions. Based on these results, and observations
on the effects of simulated light regimes on feeding and metabolic rates of krill available from a previous study, we suggest
that the Antarctic light regime is an essential cue governing the seasonal cycle of krill physiology and maturity, and highlight
the importance of this environmental factor in the life history of krill. 相似文献