Social and cultural issues raised by climate change in Pacific Island countries: an overview

Regional Environmental Change - Climate-related disasters such as tropical cyclones, floods and droughts are not new to Pacific Islanders, who have developed customary or ‘traditional’...     

环境中微/纳米塑料的污染现状、分析方法、毒性评价及健康效应研究进展

微塑料是粒径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒,纳米塑料是粒径小于1 μm的塑料颗粒.微/纳米塑料广泛存在于各种环境介质中,由于其粒径小、比表面积大,很容易被直接吸入、经口食入或皮肤浸入至体内,造成毒害作用,危害健康.本文主要总结了环境中微/纳米塑料在水、大气、土壤和食品中的污染现状,阐述了其对生物体可能产生的毒性效应,探讨了其对...     

Escherichia coli loading at or near base flow in a mixed-use watershed

This study analyzed the occurrence of Escherichia coli in a mixed land-use watershed with human, cattle, and wildlife fecal inputs located in a karstic geologic region using synoptic monitoring (samples taken throughout the watershed system) during base-flow conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of E. coli during base-flow conditions for several months at seven different main channel and nine different tributary sampling sites in the Stock Creek watershed, a 49.3-km(2) basin located in Knoxville, TN. Escherichia coli densities were measured using the Colilert (Defined Substrate Technology) method. The instantaneous loads for E. coli were determined from measured flow rates and E. coli densities, with the highest loading rates observed in the late fall. The study indicated a strong correlation between E. coli load rate (colony-forming units [CFU]/d), 7-d antecedent precipitation, and turbidity. Water quality data, however, also exhibited a spatial dependency; for example, the E. coli load rate was better correlated with turbidity in the slower draining basin tailwater sampling sites than in the faster draining upstream headwater sampling sites. In the headwater sites, the E. coli load rate was better correlated with 7-d antecedent precipitation than turbidity.     

Comparing carbon substrates for denitrification of subsurface drainage water

Nitrate in water from tile drained corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields in the U.S. Midwest contributes to nitrate contamination of surface waters. Denitrification-based biofilters are a promising strategy for reducing nitrate concentrations, but these systems require an external carbon supply to sustain denitrification. The ability of four organic materials to serve as carbon substrates for denitrification biofilters was evaluated in this laboratory study. Wood chips, wood chips amended with soybean oil, cornstalks, and cardboard fibers were mixed with subsoil (oxidized till) and incubated anaerobically for 180 d. Periodically, 15NO3-N was added to maintain nitrate N concentrations between 10 and 100 mg L-1. All of the materials stimulated NO3-N removal and the degree of removal from highest to lowest was: cornstalks, cardboard fibers, wood chips with oil, and wood chips alone. Analysis of 15N showed that immobilization and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium accounted for <4% of NO3-N removal in all treatments, therefore denitrification was the dominant NO3-N removal process. Cardboard fibers, wood chips and oil, and wood chips alone did not support as much denitrification as cornstalks, but their rates of NO3-N removal were steady and would probably continue longer than cornstalks. The addition of soybean oil to wood chips significantly increased denitrification over wood chips alone.     

二恶英类物质检测分析技术进展

介绍了同位素稀释气相色谱质谱联用和生物快速检测法测定二恶英类化合物的技术进展,概述了国际通用的二恶英类标准分析方法体系,提出了各方法的适用范围,综述了我国二恶英类化合物分析研究现状并对我国二恶英分析检测提出了建议。     

循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液电解效果比较

分别用三种不同材料电极(不锈钢、SPR、DSA)作阳极、石墨电极作阴极在同一条件下分别对循环式准好氧填埋垃圾场渗滤液进行电解处理对比研究。研究结果表明:随着电解时间的变化,渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD、Cl-浓度、色度、pH值均会发生改变。当电解时间为10￣20min时,用三种电极电解均会出现渗滤液COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD增大的现象,其中用SPR电极作阳极电解的渗滤液的BOD5/COD可达0.7;当电解时间为30￣40min时,用SPR或DSA电极作阳极电解均可使渗滤液的色度降为0;当电解时间为120min时,用三种电极作阳极电解都可使渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Cl-得到有效的去除,其中用SPR电极作阳极电解对COD、BOD5、Cl-的去除效果最好。     

多孔钛板负载Pd阴极电催化加氢还原水中五氯酚

研究了以多孔钛板负载钯作为阴极,通过电催化加氢还原水中五氯酚的脱卤效果和主要影响因素.实验表明,五氯酚电催化加氢的主要产物为苯酚和游离态Cl^-.其中Cl^-生成量可达到理论值,实现完全脱卤,苯酚的转化率达90%以上.随着PCP浓度的降低,电流效率下降,降解单位重量PCP的能耗增加.回路中电流强度对脱卤的电流效率和能耗影响很大,300mA时效果最佳.与电流相比,水溶液中pH和循环流速对脱卤效果的影响有限.结果表明,多孔钛板负载金属钯电催化反应器可有效地对五氯酚加氢脱卤,电流效率高,能耗低,并且操作简单,适用范围广.     

基于文献计量的过去30 a稀土开发环境效应研究综述

稀土开发环境效应是地球环境及可持续发展领域的重要课题,过去30 a以来,全球稀土产量增加了400%,但稀土开发环境效应研究一直缺乏系统综述。以Web of Science核心合集和中国知网（CNKI）数据库为基础,基于定量分析与定性认知相结合的判读方法,对过去30 a以来稀土开发环境效应研究文献进行计量分析并开展讨论,揭示稀土环境效应研究发展特点与发展趋势。研究表明：稀土开发环境效应研究文献从2011年开始呈现快速增长,但研究团体具有明显地方性且协作程度较低;中文文献侧重于稀土开发的宏观环境问题研究,而外文文献则侧重于微观机理研究;中国是重要的知识创造中心,美国是国际合作网络中心;研究主题主要包含环境效应来源、影响因素、环境后果以及技术方法等。未来需要加强稀土开发环境效应的全过程生命周期研究,提升中国合作中心地位,强化对稀土开发的深度认知和数据积累。     

隧道路面沥青摊铺过程空气中TSP和多环芳烃污染研究

分析了隧道沥青摊铺过程环境空气中的TSP及多环芳烃质量浓度。TSP用膜法,中流量采样器采样15 min,重量法分析;超声波萃取,高效液相色法分析多环芳烃。结果表明,摊铺机周围空气中TSP超过8 mg/m3,道路空气中TSP超过3 mg/m3;环境空气中苊烯等12种多环芳烃均有检出,苊烯和艹屈质量浓度较高,苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽质量浓度较低。苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽超标,对人体健康危害较大。建议加强相关行业PAHs的排放水平及其健康风险研究,制定相关限值标准和沥青摊铺过程环境空气的沥青烟监测方法标准。     

Seasonal variation, source, and regional representativeness of the background aerosol from two remote sites in western China

Using observations from two remote sites during July 2004 to March 2005, we show that at Akdala (AKD, 47° 06′ N, 87° 58′ E, 562 m asl) in northern Xinjiang Province, there were high wintertime loadings of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble (WS) ${\rm SO}_{4}^{2-}$ , ${\rm NO}_{3}^{2-}$ , and ${\rm NH}_{4}^{+}$ , which is similar to the general pattern in most areas of China and East Asia. However, at Zhuzhang (ZUZ, 28° 00′ N, 99° 43′ E, 3,583 m asl) in northwestern Yunnan Province, the aerosol concentrations and compositions showed little seasonal variation except for a decreasing trend of OC from August to autumn–winter. Additionally, the OC variations dominated the seasonal variation of PM₁₀ (particles ≤10 μm diameter) level. Chemical characteristics combined with transport information suggested sea salt origin of ionic Na^?+?, Mg^2?+?, and Cl^??? at ZUZ. At AKD, ionic Ca^2?+?, Mg^2?+?, Na^?+?, and Cl^??? primarily originated from salinized soil. Furthermore, the WS Ca^2?+? contributions (5.4–6%) to the PM₁₀ mass during autumn, winter, and early spring reflected a constant dust component. The results of this study indicated that both sites were regionally representative. However, the representative regions and scales of these background sites may vary seasonally as the regional atmospheric transport patterns change. Seasonal variations in the background aerosol levels from these two areas need to be considered when evaluating the regional climate effects of the aerosols.