底泥中重金属毒性的室内孔隙水分析技术

根据孔隙水中重金属的浓度可以判定底泥中重金属的毒性但获得真正的底泥孔隙水十分困难。本文提供了一套简便易行的室内原状孔隙水取样技术,将碳化硅砂芯埋入底泥,添加表层水并静置９０ｄ,通过渗滤获得孔隙水,测定孔隙水中重的浓度,所得结果与微生态系统暴露试验中生物指示的重金属的毒性大小相吻合,与生物积累重金属的浓度显著正相关。     

How should environmental exposure risk be assessed? A comparison of four methods for exposure assessment of air pollutions

Methods commonly used to assess the environmental exposure risk at a location (e.g., proximity models) are usually based on different assumptions, leading to conflicting results and recommendations in epidemiological studies. In this case study, a comparative evaluation of the accuracy levels associated with four commonly used exposure risk estimate models [i.e., traditional proximity model (TPM), emission weighted proximity model (EWPM), the American Meteorological Society/EPA regulatory model (AERMOD), and ordinary kriging interpolation (OKI)] were conducted. Results show that at the annual and the monthly scales, the normalized exposure risk values simulated by AERMOD and EWPM have higher accuracy levels than the simulations from the TPM and OKI methods. However, AERMOD has higher accuracy than that of the EWPM, and this was attributed to the differences of input data. EWPM provided the most accurate simulations when analysts have access to only point emission source data. The results also indicate that the accuracies of the exposure risks simulated by AERMOD and EWPM can be influenced by factors such as the modeling extent, the distance settings, and so forth.     

飞信通讯手段在突发环境污染事件处置时的应用

对现有移动通讯方式在突发环境污染事件中的应用进行了比较。通过实例,简述了飞信作为突发环境污染事件应急处置时通讯方式的应用。结果表明,飞信综合了一对一、多对多的语音和图文信息传输方式,在技术资料支持和监测结果通报方面具有明显的实用价值,配合防爆型对讲机,可以满足应对突发环境污染事件时对通讯的要求。     

Chemical compositions and sources of atmospheric PM10 in heating, non-heating and sand periods at a coal-based city in northeastern China

Mass concentrations and chemical components (18 elements, 9 ions, organic carbon [OC] and elemental carbon [EC]) in atmospheric PM(10) were measured at five sites in Fushun during heating, non-heating and sand periods in 2006-2007. PM(10) mass concentrations varied from 62.0 to 226.3 μg m(-3), with 21% of the total samples' mass concentrations exceeding the Chinese national secondary standard value of 150 μg m(-3), mainly concentrated in heating and sand periods. Crustal elements, trace elements, water-soluble ions, OC and EC represented 20-47%, 2-9%, 13-34%, 15-34% and 13-25% of the particulate matter mass concentrations, respectively. OC and crustal elements exhibited the highest mass percentages, at 27-34% and 30-47% during heating and sand period. Local agricultural residuals burning may contribute to EC and ion concentrations, as shown by ion temporal variation and OC and EC correlation analysis. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu and Mn) from coal combustion and industrial processes should be paid attention to in heating and sand periods. The anion/cation ratios exhibited their highest values for the background site with the influence of stationary sources on its upper wind direction during the sand period. Secondary organic carbon were 1.6-21.7, 1.5-23.0, 0.4-17.0, 0.2-33.0 and 0.2-21.1 μg m(-3), accounting for 20-77%, 44-88%, 4-77%, 8-69% and 4-73% of OC for the five sampling sites ZQ, DZ, XH, WH and SK, respectively. From the temporal and spatial variation analysis of major species, coal combustion, agricultural residual burning and industrial emission including dust re-suspended from raw material storage piles were important sources for atmospheric PM(10) in Fushun at heating, non-heating and sand periods, respectively. It was confirmed by principal component analysis that coal combustion, vehicle emission, industrial activities, soil dust, cement and construction dust and biomass burning were the main sources for PM(10) in this coal-based city.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a maar lake, Northeast China: evidence in historical atmospheric deposition

A maar lake is an excellent ecosystem to study the atmospheric deposition of pollutants, as its contaminants are primarily by atmospheric deposition. In this study, a sediment core from Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China, was collected and the historical atmospherically deposited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The concentrations of TPAHs (the sum of the US EPA proposed 16 priority PAHs, excluding naphthalene and pyrene) ranged from 473.9 to 2289 ng g(-1) with a slow increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments. The input rate of TPAHs, especially that of PAH(9) (the sum of fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthrathene, and benzo(ghi)perylene), correlated well to the Chinese historical socioeconomic data. This indicates that sediment PAHs were mainly derived from human activities and PAH(9) can be regarded as a better indicator of the local socioeconomic development. Source identification suggested that PAHs were originated primarily from mixed sources (e.g., coal and biomass burning and petroleum combustion), except for perylene which was mostly of diagenetic origin. In addition, the down-core PAHs profile clearly illustrated that PAHs sources in Northeast China experienced a transformation from low- and moderate temperature to high-temperature combustion processes, especially after the late 1980s. Additionally, an ecological risk assessment using two redefined biological thresholds (TEQ(ERL) and TEQ(ERM)) indicated that most of the PAHs measured in the present sediment core would not cause an immediate toxic effect; only FLU and PHEN are a potential source of concern for biological impairment.     

构建覆盖国家环境监测网的质量控制体系

"十二五"期间,中国将全面完成国家环境监测网的布局与建设,环境管理将开始由以环境污染控制为目标导向,向以环境质量改善为目标导向转变,以全面考核空气、水环境和土壤等环境质量的新环境管理时代即将来临。从现有环境监测质控体系所发挥的作用、存在的问题以及环境管理的需求出发,提出构建覆盖国家环境监测网的质量控制体系,论述各级环境监测站的质控职责,尤其是省级监测站作为地区质量控制中心,应该和国家站一起加大自身质控能力建设,为提高环境监测数据的可信度做好质控工作。     

“基于质谱技术的全组分痕量重金属分析仪器开发和应用示范”项目进展

介绍了国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项"基于质谱技术的全组分痕量重金属分析仪器开发和应用示范"项目在电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)研发、低温等离子体样品引入ICP-MS联用系统、ICP-MS监测汞的采样与预处理等方面的研究进展,并对ICP-MS应用发展及产业化前景进行了展望。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定废水中的酚类化合物

建立了Supelclean ENVI-Chrom P柱固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定废水中11种酚类化合物的分析方法,并对固相萃取条件和液相色谱条件进行了讨论。该方法分离效果良好,净化效果明显,方法检出限为2×10-3~2×10-2mg/L,平行分析(n=6)的RSD为2.7%~16.4%,废水加标回收率除2,4-二硝基酚偏低以外,其他化合物的回收率为61.4%~115.8%。     

一体化生活污水处理构筑物的设计思路与实践

根据生活水一体化处理设备的原理及构思,将通用设备替代为组合的一体化构筑物形式,应用于生活污水处理中,取得了良好的经济效果和较优的技术稳定性,达到了水处理单元优化设计的目的。     

新疆城市污水处理方式及利用途径初探

奎屯市城市污水的处理现阶段采用一级处理后接生物稳定塘的处理工艺是较为适宜的,但要注意做好污水及处理水的排放监测,加强排水管理,今后要逐步完善为规范的二级处理工艺。对污水处理要制定切实可行的水污染防治规划,不拘泥于现有的排水方案和污水处理厂选址,在污水厂下游建设规范的污水库作为处理水资源化利用的必要措施。我区多数城市水污染防治路线与奎屯市有着相似性,对各城市污水处理方式及利用途径可采用此方法进行深入细致的研究论证,为未来城市污水的有效处理及无害化、资源化利用打下基础。