Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Effects of silica nanoparticles on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus

To assess the aquatic ecosystem safety for silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), the growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in logarithm growth phase exposed to SiO2 NPs and SiO2 bulk particles (BPs) suspensions were measured. SiO2 NPs with 10-20 nm diameters were found to be toxic. The 20% effective concentration (EC20) values for 72 and 96 hr were 388.1 and 216.5 mg/L, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll decreased significantly under moderate and high concentratio...     

Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by the undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. In this study, the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model is used to evaluate crop yield, water consumption (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the NCP from 1951 to 2006. Their responses to future climate scenarios of 21st century projected by the GCM (HadCM3) with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 emissions are investigated. The results show a rapid enhancement of crop yield in the past 56 years, accompanying with slight increment of ET and noticeable improvement of WUE. There exist spatial patterns of crop yield stemmed mainly from soil quality and irrigation facilities. For climate change impacts, it is found that winter wheat yield will significantly increase with the maximum increment in A2 occurring in 2070s with a value of 19%, whereas the maximum in B1 being 13% in 2060s. Its ET is slightly intensified, which is less than 6%, under both A2 and B1 scenarios, giving rise to the improvement of WUE by 10% and 7% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. Comparatively, summer maize yield will gently decline by 15% for A2 and 12% for B1 scenario, respectively. Its ET is obviously increasing since 2050s with over 10% relative change, leading to a lower WUE with more than 25% relative change under both scenarios in 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the NCP.     

城市合流污水A２/O处理系统中TTC ETS活性监测研究

研究了温度和F/M的变化对A^２/O系统TTCETS活性的影响,分析了TTCETS活性与COD降解的相关关系;通过低C/N冲击下TTCETS活性和理化指标的比较,讨论了以TTCETS活性表征系统运行状况的优劣.结果表明,一定范围内,温度与F/M均与TTCETS活性成正相关,TTCETS活性(TF/TSS·t)变化范围约13.2～48.3 mg/(g·h),最大值约为60 mg/(g·h);TTCETS活性与COD去除率相关性显著,并且TTCETS活性可预警系统的异常状态,当TTCETS活性为41.0 mg/(g·h)时,COD去除效率最高.     

全程高温好氧堆肥快速降解城市生活垃圾

为了提高堆肥处理城市生活垃圾（MSW）的速率和质量,设计了一种外加热源的全程高温好氧堆肥工艺.实验以全程高温好氧堆肥和传统好氧堆肥两种方法对MSW进行了60d的堆肥处理.同时,监测了堆肥的pH和温度等参数的变化情况,并以C/N、种子发芽率(GI)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、比好氧速率(SOUR)和脱氢酶（DH-ase）活性为指标评价了堆肥的腐熟度和质量.结果表明,全程高温堆肥法和传统堆肥法的堆肥周期分别为16d和28d,两种方法得到的产品其pH值均在7左右.在第31d将全程高温堆肥产品置于30℃恒温箱时,其理化性质没有出现明显波动,说明其堆肥产品性质稳定.因此,全程高温好氧堆肥法能明显缩短堆肥周期、提高堆肥质量,具有很大的应用潜力.     

新标准下垃圾焚烧飞灰化学稳定技术的比选和研究

研究了新的生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB168892008)实施后,飞灰要进入生活垃圾卫生填埋场时传统的重金属稳定方法可行性,并在此基础上提出了新的复合药剂稳定法.研究结果表明,已经报道的化学药剂稳定法均有必要重新检验其对重金属的稳定效果是否满足新的填埋标准的要求.绿矾与TMT-18配合使用、绿矾用量为25%（质量分数）以下、TMT-18的用量为8‰左右时完全可以使飞灰中所有重金属浸出浓度满足新的填埋标准要求,是处理二噁英含量不高于3 ng·g-1(以TEQ计)飞灰的一种经济处理技术.对二噁英含量高于3 ng·g-1 (TEQ)的飞灰,采用绿矾辅助水热处理的方法可以稳定包括Pb、Cd在内的所有重金属和降解二噁英使之符合新填埋标准对飞灰填埋的要求.     

江西龙南-定南-全南地区泥盆系与钨铋多金属矿的关系探讨

赣南素有"世界钨都"之称,而龙南-定南-全南(简称"三南")地区是世界钨都中的重要钨铋成矿区,钨铋成矿与三南地区广布的泥盆纪地层密不可分;由此本文通过对三南地区的泥盆系的微量元素的分布及其丰度、以及W、Bi等成矿元素在不同岩性中的丰度等进行了初步分析与讨论,认为W成矿元素在泥盆系中丰度仅次于寒武纪地层,高于其它地层,并高出地壳克拉克值的2～4倍,而Bi元素则高达几十倍.在细碎屑岩石中含量最高,与钨铋成矿关系最为密切.     

西部管道工程HSE一体化绩效管理应用研究

分析了我国管道工程项目HSE绩效管理存在问题,运用绩效管理理论,结合“PMT（业主）＋PMC（监理）＋EPC（施工总承包方）”一体化模式及西部管道工程,阐述了HSE一体化绩效管理体系的建立及应用情况。     

改性兰炭末对硝基苯生产废水的吸附处理

采用H_2O_2溶液对兰炭末进行改性,并将改性后的兰炭末用于硝基苯生产废水(COD为560 mg/L)的吸附处理。对改性前后的兰炭末进行了表征,考察了吸附效果的影响因素,并对吸附前后改性兰炭末的燃烧热进行了测定。表征结果显示,兰炭末经改性后比表面积和孔径均增大。实验结果表明:在改性兰炭末投加量为0.2 g/m L、吸附时间为180 min、吸附温度为30℃的条件下,废水的COD去除率为93.4%,处理出水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中规定的排放标准;改性兰炭末对废水中COD的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型;吸附后的改性兰炭末燃烧热值增大。