基于第一原理的安全技术及其应用分析

分析了美国Sandia国家实验室在核武器研制过程中提出的基于第一原理的安全技术,总结了其技术要点及和常规安全技术的差异、联系,给出了基于第一原理的安全性设计方法的步骤.通过分析基于第一原理的安全技术在水坝、压力容器中的应用,指出应用于核武器安全性设计的第一原理同样适用于民用高危系统.     

清洁生产治理水泥工业污染的特征和资源利用趋势

结合本地区开展清洁生产的实际,分析水泥工业大气污染物排放的关键工序,采取加大技术进步,保护环境和资源综合利用的主要措施,以实现水泥工业的可持续发展.     

便携β射线法手工监测PM_(2.5)的可行性研究

提出利用自动射线原理结合重量法的简捷便携特点的便携射线仪手工监测PM2.5的思路,平行比对了便携射线法和手工重量法所测60组PM2.5浓度的监测结果,采用线性回归及T检验、F检验等理论分析了两者数据结果间的有效性和可比性。结果表明,便携式射线仪监测结果与重量法监测结果之间有效可比且得到了两者间的线性回归方程;此外进行了20组数据的实样验证,换算值和真值之间相对误差在8%以内,因而确定了便携射线仪手工监测PM2.5的可行性。     

呼伦贝尔市可持续发展战略探讨

呼伦贝尔市在生态示范区创建中，确立了稳固环境与资源基础、保护北疆生态屏障的战略目标；统一了预防为先、保护为主、建设为辅的生态保护思想；确定了在经济结构调整和生产方式的转变中实现环境与经济“双赢”的创建道路；把生态示范区建设的目标任务具体为工程、项目，保证了创建工作的顺利进行，走出了一条在我国北部边疆少数民族地区开展生态示范区建设的道路。     

北京市加油站职业病危害现状调查

目的:了解北京地区加油站职业病危害现状。方法:按照国家相关标准规范对北京市137家加油站的工作场所进行了汽油、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和噪声的检测。结果:加油站职业病危害因素浓/强度均符合国家职业接触限值要求,确定汽油为主要职业病危害因素。结论:北京市加油站职业危害较小,但长期接触低浓度的汽油,加之劳动强度大、作业时间长等特点会损害人体的免疫功能。     

基于环保管理的工厂模型及建模方法研究

基于石化企业环保管理业务现状和需求,从环保信息化实现角度提出从环保管理的组织机构、区域和节点3个层面构建环保工厂模型,保证企业环保管理信息建立在统一规范标准的模型上,并为企业环保信息的标准化和环保数据核算口径的一致性奠定基础,从而有效支撑企业环保管理和科学决策。     

Rapid detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 in chorionic mesenchymal cells

We have devised and evaluated a rapid screening method for the detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes13, 18 and 21 in chorionic villus cells. We used non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) with three chromosome-specific probes on overnight-attached mesenchymal cells from chorionic villi. A blind study was performed of 47 karyotypically normal samples, one triploid sample, two samples trisomic for chromosome 21, and two samples from a fetus with putative mosaicism (46/47, +21). All samples were hybridized with the chromosome 18- and 21-specific probes. Thirty samples were additionally hybridized with the chromosome 13-specific probe. The test could be completed within 3-4 days of sampling. In samples disomic with respect to the probed chromosomes, an average of 2 per cent (range 0-9 per cent) had three hybridization signals. By contrast, in the samples trisomic for the probed chromosome(s), 57 per cent (chromosome 13), 51 per cent (chromosome 18), and an average of 74 per cent (55-86 per cent) (chromosome 21) of the nuclei exhibited three signals. In the putative mosaic samples, the number of nuclei with three chromosome 21-specific signals ranged from 41 to 69 per cent. We conclude that this technique rapidly and clearly distinguishes between normal and trisomic/triploid samples, and consequently may be of use in future prenatal diagnosis.     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶的来源解析

利用七波段黑碳仪对2015年1~12月南京北郊地区黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶实时监测,并结合黑碳仪模型对该期间内BC进行来源解析,探讨化石燃料排放产生BC(BCff)与生物质燃烧产生BC(BCbb)各自的贡献大小.结果表明,观测期间BC的吸收波长指数(α)和生物质燃烧对BC的贡献百分比(BB)的变化范围都较大但趋势较为一致;冬季α值偏高而夏季α值较低,表明不同季节时间BC来源和强度的差异性.BCff在各季节BC总浓度中占比略有不同但均高于75%;BC、BCff和BCbb的日变化趋势均呈双峰特征,在07:00~09:00和18:00~21:00左右浓度有最大值;全天中,BCff对BC贡献最大,浓度值约为BCbb的3~5倍;夜晚BC浓度普遍高于白天,其平均浓度值是白天的1.2倍.由浓度权重轨迹分析的结果可知,影响南京北郊地区高浓度BC的源区主要集中在浙江、安徽以及江西和福建等地区.     

过敏与非过敏儿童室内PM2.5的细胞毒性比较研究

流行病学研究表明,空气细颗粒污染物(PM_(2.5))的暴露与过敏性疾病有一定的联系;然而,PM_(2.5)暴露与过敏性疾病之间的关系尚未完全阐明,特别是室内环境中PM_(2.5)涉及到过敏或非过敏的作用不详.为了比较研究过敏与非过敏儿童室内PM_(2.5)的细胞毒性,在武汉市洪山区10户家庭室内进行了为期3个月的采样,分别收集过敏与非过敏儿童的室内PM_(2.5).采用有机/元素碳测定仪对二者PM_(2.5)成分中的含碳组分进行了分析,并通过检测昆明小鼠巨噬细胞的形态及吞噬功能影响、细胞活力、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率等指标,来检测PM_(2.5)暴露所致的细胞毒性.结果表明,高剂量(200μg·mL~(-1))PM_(2.5)暴露对小鼠巨噬细胞的形态及吞噬功能会产生不利的影响;与非过敏儿童的室内PM_(2.5)暴露组相比,过敏儿童的室内PM_(2.5)暴露组诱导巨噬细胞产生的毒性作用更明显.细胞体外测试结果提示:在相同PM_(2.5)暴露剂量下,引起儿童过敏症的室内PM_(2.5)成分具有重要影响.     

Long-term observations of tropospheric NO2, SO2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China

Yangtze River Delta(YRD) area is one of the important economic zones in China. However,this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS) network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO_2, SO_2, and formaldehyde(HCHO) in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD(Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai) were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities(VCDs) and profiles of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO.Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO_2 and SO_2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) satellite observations, resulting in R~2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRD under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.