火电厂煤尘污染防治主要措施研究

文章通过对火电项目煤尘产生源的分析,根据北方地区社会、经济、环境现状,提出电厂储煤场及输煤系统煤尘的主要防治措施,从而为北方经济欠发达地区火电厂的煤尘污染防治提供一些参考依据,促进环境质量的改善。     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

水体中甲基汞光化学降解特征研究

为探究水体中甲基汞（MMHg）的光化学行为,采用室内模拟实验,以不同波长紫外灯及室内可见光为光源,探讨紫外光波长、光强度等因素对MMHg光降解的影响,并根据生成物Hg0的量变化分析MMHg光降解反应历程.研究表明,MMHg光降解最终产物中含有Hg0,且光照条件对MMHg光降解速率、Hg0的产量有影响.在反应器暴露于紫外光条件下时,MMHg光降解速率随紫外光波长的变短而增加,随紫外光强度的提高而增加,且MMHg光降解呈一级动力学反应,速率常数分别为KUVA 0.403～0.562 h-1、KUVB 0.961 h-1、KUVC 1.221 h-1和KVL＋UVA＋UVB 1.346 h-1;Hg0释放通量为0.166～0.392 ng·min-1.当反应器暴露于可见光条件下时,反应器内MMHg浓度下降速率较慢,KVL0.061 h-1;Hg0释放通量为0.008 ng·min-1.而在黑暗条件下没有发现反应器内MMHg浓度下降,无Hg0生成.可见紫外光是导致MMHg降解的主要原因,光波波长与强度对MMHg的环境地球化学行为有重要影响.     

纳污湿地上覆水中重金属的监测及评价

以武河湿地为研究区域采集上覆水水样,采用ICP-AES法测定湿地水体中重金属的含量,参照有关标准用水质标准级别法对水中重金属污染情况进行了评价。结果表明:武河湿地中重金属Hg污染十分严重,各采样点均有分布且水质属劣Ⅴ类。重金属元素Cd污染并不严重,总体水质较好。重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Pb在武河湿地中污染较轻近乎无污染,水质为Ⅰ类。由于重金属Hg的污染十分严重所以研究区内综合质量等级在4以上,水质为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,污染严重。     

汉江上游金水河流域氮湿沉降

汉江上游金水河流域是南水北调工程的重要水源涵养区,但是氮污染已成为该流域水质的主要威胁因素.该研究对汉江的金水河流域开展了为期1 a(2012-02~2013-02)的氮湿沉降观测,并利用氮输出模型估算了氮湿沉降对河流氮负荷的贡献量.结果表明雨水中总氮(DTN)的浓度在0.24~2.89 mg·L-1之间,铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3N)及有机氮(DON)分别占42.8%、13.3%和43.9%;雨水氮浓度随降雨量增大而变小,明显受到降雨的稀释作用.流域内氮湿沉降主要来自人类活动,沉降负荷在4.97~7.00 kg·(hm2·a)-1之间,受降雨量的主要影响,上游地区的氮湿沉降负荷>下游地区>中游地区,春夏两季约占全年氮湿沉降的81%.流域氮湿沉降对河流氮负荷贡献量约为34 000~46 000 kg,只占流域氮肥贡献量的5.05%~6.78%,远小于流域内农业活动化肥氮的贡献量,不是河流氮的主要来源.     

源分类家庭有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中的PAHs

将源分类家庭生物有机垃圾同秸秆按质量比10:1混合后进行堆肥处理,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)按照U.S.EPA 8270方法对生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs进行分析测试,比较生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs含量、分布及生物降解率,评估堆肥产品PAHs农田风险,综合论述影响家庭有机垃圾堆肥过程中PAHs降解因素,为生物有机垃圾堆肥农田利用提供依据.结果表明,源分类家庭生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中∑PAH16化合物含量分别为2.19和1.96mg/ks(以干重计,下同),其中萘、芴、菲、荧蒽含量相对较高,占总量的79.76%和81.76%,这4种有机物的苯环在2-3之间,属于易降解非致癌物质,在农田施用中易被降解;在生物垃圾堆肥过程中∑PAH16的生物降解率为25.88%,堆肥后产品PAHs含量符合农田使用标准.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)经口染毒对C57BL/6小鼠脾脏T细胞亚群CD4+/CD8+的影响

采用每天一次经口灌胃染毒的方法,探讨了全氟辛烷磺酸(Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)经口重复剂量染毒对C57BL/6小鼠脾脏T细胞亚群CIM+和CD8+的影响.选择雄性C57BL/6小鼠24只,实验组PFOS染毒剂量分别为5、10、20mg·kg-1(bw).每天一次经口灌胃染毒12d后,制备脾脏T淋巴细胞悬液,经特异性荧光标记的CD3(FITC)、CIM(PE)、CD8(PERCP)单克隆抗体作用后,采用FACS流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞及其亚群百分数.结果表明,10 mg·kg-1(bw)和20 mg·kg-1(bW)PFOS染毒组小鼠体重呈明显的下降趋势;20 mg·kg-1(bw)PFOS染毒组小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而各剂量组小鼠肝脏指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).PFOS染毒20mg·kg-1(bw)实验组CD3+CD4+与CD3+CD8+T细胞的绝对计数和百分比均显著低于对照组(p<0.01).研究结果显示,PFOS暴露可降低小鼠免疫器官中CD4+、CD8+T细胞的含量,表明PFOS可抑制小鼠的细胞免疫水平.     

济南秋季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的在线观测

2008年9月29日—10月15日使用大气细颗粒物快速捕集系统实时、在线分析了济南秋季PM2.5中水溶性离子的质量浓度,并结合气象资料和部分前体物(SO2,NOx和O3)浓度进行了相关分析.结果表明:济南秋季燃煤污染严重,SO42-,NO3-和NH4+是大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要组分,三者质量浓度之和占总水溶性离子(TW SI)质量浓度的90%以上;SO42-污染物主要受远距离传输的影响,NO3-和NH4+污染物主要受局地源的影响;SO42-和NO3-的昼夜形成机理不同,它们的形成过程主要受相对湿度、温度和O3浓度的影响.周边地区生物质燃烧导致了济南重污染天气的产生,降水对污染物的清除作用较强.对比土壤和海盐中各种离子的质量浓度比可知,济南秋季PM2.5中的K+受生物质燃烧的影响较大,C l-主要来源于海盐和生物质燃烧,Na+主要来源于海盐.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.