改良型AB生化法在味精废水处理中的应用

AB生化法是城市污水和多种工业废水处理最佳的新型实用技术之一。文章以AB生化法和离交废水苛化脱氨制硫酸铵相结合的工艺处理味精废水的工程实例，阐明改良型AB生化法的原理和设计中应注意的问题。     

Improving immobilization efficiency and mechanism analysis of sodium hexametaphosphate on MgO-based cementitious material solidified MSWI FA

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - MgO-based cementitious material (MCM) is a potential green substitute for solidifying municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA). Sodium...     

Antibiotic contamination in a typical water-rich city in southeast China: a concern for drinking water resource safety

Abstract

The occurrence and distribution in the aquatic environment of Nanjing of 49 antibiotics from seven therapeutic classes were investigated using an improved analytical method developed for multiclass target analysis. The results showed that these antibiotics are widely present in the water bodies of this city, with a total concentration of up to 1.958?μg L^?1. The most abundant class was tetracyclines, contributing 43.7% to the total antibiotic burden. Lincomycin was detected in all samples, and the detection rate of clindamycin was 90.5%. An exploratory analysis of the data points was performed by unsupervised pattern recognition (hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA) in an attempt to clarify the pollution level in different sampling areas, and robust cluster solutions grouped the data according to their different antibiotic contaminant profiles. The safety of drinking water resources was emphasized, and the rivers, as the main receiving water body for treated and untreated wastewater in this city, were more seriously contaminated than the surrounding lakes and reservoir, not only in concentration but also in detection frequency, in our study as well as in similar research studies. A correlation analysis between the presence of antibiotics and the environmental factors was conducted, and it was found that antibiotic contamination and water quality were closely connected; the better the water quality, the lower the antibiotic contamination. Positive correlations existed between the antibiotics and tested heavy metals, as well as between antibiotics and boron and arsenic. However, whether these correlations resulted from their reaction or a common source was difficult to determine, and the mechanism requires further exploration.     

Optimization of low-temperature drying of laying-hen manure using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT

Manure-drying system using exhausted air from laying hen houses or ambient air has been extensively used in China to dewater the manure for easy transportation and to reduce pathogen levels prior to land application. Due to the climate influence or inappropriate setting of technological parameters, there are some issues in this manure-drying system, such as low dehydration rate, high energy consumption, and high ammonia emission. A purpose-designed experimental drying apparatus was set up to simulate the commercial manure drying system. Drying experiments were carried out to assess the impacts of hot air temperature (15–35°C), air velocity (0.6–1.8 m/s) and manure layer thickness (60–140 mm) on fan’s energy consumption, dehydration rate, and nitrogen loss rate. The response surface analysis method and sub-stepping method was used to analyze the relationships between the response variables and the influence factors. The drying curves were drawn, and the quadratic regression mathematical models that described the relations between the experimental indices and the influence factors were established. The optimal combination of technological parameters for drying laying-hen manure was obtained through conducting a multi-objective function optimization by function-expected optimization. The optimal parameters are as follows: hot air temperature of 35°C, air velocity of 1.60 m/s, and manure layer thickness of 85 mm. The results also indicate that raising the hot air temperature increased the value of synthesis objective function when the hot air temperature was in 26–35°C. The results can provide a theoretical basis for low-temperature drying of laying-hen manure in actual production.

Implications: A large amount of poultry manure is produced yearly in China, which has become a tremendous pressure on the environment when it cannot be utilized as resources. A more sustainable solution using the residual heat from the poultry house ventilation or ambient hot air has been widely used in China. This drying method can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to the traditional way. However, due to the influence of climate or inappropriate setting of technological parameters, issues such as high energy consumption and high ammonia emission still exist in this method. It is necessary to optimize the low-temperature drying process of laying-hen manure, to reduce energy consumption and nitrogen loss rate.     

电化学方法生成羟基自由基及其在酸性铬蓝降解脱色中的应用1)

在电解槽中,以Ｎａ２ＳＯ４为支持电解质,多孔石墨电极为阴极,金属铁为阳极,在１０ｍＡ·ｃｍ－２的阴极电流密度下,电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Ｆｅ２＋进行反应,生成羟基自由基(Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂),进而对有机染料进行氧化反应,使其不饱和双键断裂,从而达到有机染料降解、脱色的目的,在生成Ｆｅｎｔｏｎｎ试剂的反应中,Ｆｅ２＋被氧化为 Ｆｅ３＋,生成的 Ｆｅ３＋在阴极得电子后重新被还原为Ｆｅ２＋,因此,在电解槽中 Ｆｅ２＋起着催化剂的作用．ＣＯＤ的去除率大于８０%,脱色率达１００%．脱色速率的测定表明其为一级反应,反应速度常数ｋ等于ｌ．９８ × １０－４ｓ－１．     

Study of flow formed by three coplanar impinging pipe jets at inclination angles of 30° and 45°

This paper presents an experimental study of the interactions of three fully-submerged, coplanar impinging jets issued from long pipes. The jets were neutrally buoyant and were arranged symmetrically about the axis of a central jet, with two side jets set to intersect with the central jet at two inclination angles (30° and 45°) and three Reynolds numbers (4240, 6400 and 8000). Measurements of the flow fields were performed using particle image velocimetry to examine the flow structures in various planes, i.e., the jet axis plane (X–Y), the jet normal plane (X–Z) and the cross-sectional plane (Y–Z). This flow configuration results in pronounced interactions among the three jets, and hence better mixing than that of a canonical single pipe jet as illustrated by augmented centreline velocity decay, spreading rate and turbulence level. The jets at the inclination angle of 45° impinge and mix more rapidly than those at 30°. For each case, the flow is highly 3-dimensional, and jet development displayed several distinct regions (converging, merging and combining) along the streamwise direction. The expansion of flow in the X–Y plane is similar to the shape of a hyperbola with necking formed immediately downstream of the impinging point, whereas that in the X–Z plane assumes the shape of a parabola with an open rim exhibiting a pronounced velocity deficit in the central part of the combining flow. Self-similarity of streamwise mean velocity is explored in the combining region of the flow on the two planes of symmetry (X–Y and X–Z). Flow development in the combining region is dominated by large-scale vortical structures, including von Kárman-like spanwise vortices in the X–Y plane and secondary circulation in the form of two pairs of counter-rotating streamwise vortices in the Y–Z plane.     

DETERMINING CRITICAL WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS FOR INORGANIC NITROGEN IN DRY,SEMI‐URBANIZED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Traditional approaches to establishing critical water quality conditions, based on statistical analysis of low flow conditions and expressed as a recurrence interval for low flow conditions (e.g., 7Q10), may be inappropriate for drier watersheds. The use of 7Q10 as a standard design flow assumes year‐round flow, but in these watersheds, 7Q10 is zero or very small. In addition, the increasing use of multiple year dynamic water quality models at daily time steps can supercede the use of steady state approaches. Many of these watersheds are also under increasing urbanization pressure, which accentuates the flashiness of runoff and the episodic nature of critical water quality conditions. To illustrate, the conditions in the Santa Clara River, California, are considered. A statistical analysis indicates that higher inorganic nitrogen concentrations correlate strongly with low flow. However, peaks in concentrations can occur during the first storms, particularly where nonpoint source contribution is significant. Critical conditions can thus occur at different flow regimes depending on the relative magnitude of flow and pollutant contributions from various sources. The use of steady state models for these dry semi‐urbanized watersheds based on 7Q10 flows is thus unlikely to accurately simulate the potential for exceeding water quality objectives. Dynamic simulation of water quality is necessary, and as the recent intense storm event sampling data indicate, the models should be formulated to consider even smaller time steps. This places increasing demand on computational resources and datasets to accurately calibrate the models at this temporal resolution.     

华北地区主要农业灾害及灾情分析

本文分析了华北地区农业灾害发生的气象背景,并利用1981～1990年的农业统计资料分析了华北地区的农业灾情状况及因灾而造成的粮、棉损失量。华北地区单位耕地面积的受灾率及成灾率分别为47.3%和23.0%,大致相当于二年一遇灾和四年一成灾。华北地区因农业灾害而造成的粮、棉损失量平均每年为397.0和34.5万吨,粮、棉损失率分别为4.9%及15.3%。     

序批式曝气生物滤池处理含海水污水中的硝化性能

采用序批式曝气生物滤池工艺,以牡蛎壳为填料、含海水污水为处理对象,系统考察不同的海水含率、原水葡萄糖和氨氮浓度等原水条件下的硝化性能。结果表明,对于海水含率在40%到100%的污水处理,氨氮去除率可达到95%以上,表明该生物滤池中的氨氧化菌(AOB)可耐受较高的海水盐度;耐海水盐度的驯化硝化细菌中,AOB的耐盐度抑制能力强于亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB),当海水含率大于70%时,NOB的活性更容易受到抑制。在高海水盐度下,降低原水的葡萄糖与氨氮浓度可提高NOB活性。牡蛎壳附着生物膜与液相悬浮污泥中的AOB 和NOB均参与了氨氮去除,生物膜中的AOB和NOB活性高于悬浮污泥。